Sahadhammika-sikkhāpadaṁ

background

• Buddha: Gositārāma, Kosambī
• V. Channa was misbehaving
• Other monks admonished him
• He said he would not abide by the rules until he had inquired about it from a vinayadhara monk
• Buddha reprimanded and laid down the rule

Pāḷi rule

yo pana bhikkhu bhikkhūhi sahadhammikaṃ vuccamāno evaṃ vadeyya - ‘na tāvāhaṃ, āvuso, etasmiṃ sikkhāpade sikkhissāmi yāva na aññaṃ bhikkhuṃ vyattaṃ vinayadharaṃ paripucchāmī’ti, pācittiyaṃ. sikkhamānena, bhikkhave, bhikkhunā aññātabbaṃ paripucchitabbaṃ paripañhitabbaṃ. ayaṃ tattha sāmīci.

description

purpose: to prevent disrespectful monks from not following rules with indirect statements

1. 2 types of anādariya

   • puggala anādariya: disrespecting the person who admonishes
   • dhamma anādariya: disrespecting the teaching
   • note: in this rule, disrespect in not shown directly as in the anādariyasikkhāpada

2. sahadhammika

   sahadhammikaṃ nāma yaṃ bhagavatā paññattaṃ sikkhāpadaṃ etaṃ sahadhammikaṃ nāma (the rules laid down by the Buddha) (:q: why are the rules called so in this place? are there other places where this name is used for rules?)

3. 2 main and 7 detailed basis of admonishment

   • paññatta: promulgated vinaya rules
   • appaññatta: non-vinaya rules
     • sallekhāya: the lessening of defilements
     • dhūtattāya: the shaking off of defilements
     • pāsādikatāya: the becoming pleasing to others
     • apacayāya: the destruction of defilements; in some places: for the destruction of the three cycles of saṃsāra
     • vīriyārambhāya: the arousing of wholesome effort
     • ovādasikkhāpada: facts / instructions from the Suttanta or Abhidhamma
     • mem aid: a dog comes down a hill writing on a paper (coming down -> lessening; writing -> lekha), shakes off his dirt, people like him, (as they pet him) his hair is dispersed (apa ci), he runs away with effort, someone admonishes him (ovāda)

4. monks included under “vinayadhara” in this rule

   a monk competent, learned in vinaya and Dhamma

5. how to act when being thus advised

   one can question the background story, first offender, charter, meaning, think wisely, compare and analize it with other vinaya rules, or say “jānissāmi sikkhissāmi”

āpattivāra

• when being admonished by an upa. with regard to
  • a vinaya rule, saying one will confirm it with a vinayadhara intending not to follow it: pc
  • sallekhayā, dhutattāya, pāsādikatāya, apacayāya, viriyārambhāya, ovādasikkhāpada, saying one will confirm it with a vinayadhara with such intention: dkṭ
• when being admonished by an anupa. about a vinaya rule or the rest: dkṭ
• asking questions about the rule: anāpatti
• saying that one will study and practice it: anāpatti

anāpattivāra

• jānissāmi sikkhissāmī”ti bhaṇati: without disrespect, saying one will study / follow the rule

aṅga

• upasampannena paññattena vacanaṃ: a fully ordained advising with a training rule promulgated in Vinaya
• asikkhitukāmatāya evaṃ vacanaṃ: saying as aforesaid not willing to follow the rule

other elements

• citta and saññā: sacittaka and saññāvimokkha
• āpatti and its saññā: tika-pācittiya and tika-dukkaṭa; upasampanna / anupasampanna saññā (the perception of the admonisher as upa. / anupa.)
• kusalattika and vedanāttika: akusala citta and dukkha vedanā
• vajja: lokavajja
• kiriya: kiriya
• samuṭṭhāna: kāya-citta, vācā-citta and kāya-vācā-citta
• kamma: kāyakamma or vacīkamma

Vilekhana S.

Background

• Buddha: jetavana
• Buddha giving vinaya discourses praising vinaya, its study, and v. upāli.
• monks began to study under him
• chabbaggiyas became afraid of them being knowledgeable and putting them on trials and began to criticize the vinaya to discourage them saying it only brings kukkucca, vihesā (due to doubt), and vilekha
• Buddha laid down the rule
• comm: etāni hi ye uddisanti, uddisāpenti sajjhāyanti vā, tesaṃ tāva saṃvattanti yāva “kappati nu kho, na kappati nu kho”ti kukkuccasaṅkhāto vippaṭisāro vihesā vicikicchāsaṅkhāto manovilekho ca uppajjatiyeva

Rule in Pāli

Yo pana bhikkhu pātimokkhe uddissamāne evaṃ vadeyya - ‘Kiṃ panimehi khuddānukhuddakehi sikkhāpadehi uddiṭṭhehi, yāvadeva kukkuccāya vihesāya vilekhāya saṃvattantī’ti, sikkhāpadavivaṇṇake, pācittiyaṃ.

Description

1. sikkhāpadavivaṇṇaka – definition

   the act of criticizing the Vinaya rules mainly done with the intention of discouraging other monks from studying Vinaya

2. 3 occasions included in “uddissamāne”

   • pātimokkhaṃ uddisente: when the pātimokkha is being recited by a teacher to his students as a means of teaching by his will
   • pātimokkhaṃ uddisāpente: when doing so due to the students’ request
   • pātimokkhaṃ sajjhāyaṃ karonte: when doing so to memorize it

3. comments included in the criticism of the Chabbaggiyas

   • kiṃ panimehi khuddānukhuddakehi sikkhāpadehi uddiṭṭhehi (what is the benefit of teaching, learning and memorizing these minor and very minor training rules?)
   • yāvadeva kukkuccāya vihesāya vilekhāya saṃvattanti (they only lead to doubt; if not taught, studied, memorized, they don’t lead to doubt)
   • anuddiṭṭhaṁ idaṁ varaṁ (it is best if it is not taught)
   • anuggahitaṁ idaṁ varaṁ (…not learned)
   • apariyāpuṭaṁ idaṃ varaṃ (…not mastered)
   • adhāritaṃ idaṃ varaṃ (…not memorized)
   • vinayo vā antaradhāyatu (may it disappear)
   • ime vā bhikkhū ataññuno hontu (may the monks not be well-versed in it)
   • note: opinions within the vinaya are not included as criticism here

4. benefits of studying the Vinaya – Vinaya pariyattiyā vaṇṇo

   1. 5 merits of a vinayadhara

      • attano sīlakkhandho sugutto hoti surakkhito: one’s own virtue is well-protected
      • kukkuccapakatānaṃ paṭisaraṇaṃ hoti: he becomes a refuge for monks oppressed by vinaya doubt
      • visārado saṅghamajjhe voharati: he preaches in the midst of the Saṅgha without any fear
      • paccatthike sahadhammena suniggahitaṃ niggaṇhāti: he refutes individuals opposed to the monks or the sāsana with words associating Dhamma and reason
      • saddhammaṭṭhitiyā paṭipanno hoti: he is someone who has undertaken the practice for the prolongation of the threefold Saddhamma
      • mem aid: his own purity, refuge for others, preaches, refutes, prolongs 3 saddhamma

   2. 2 (5 in detail) types of paccatthika

      • atta paccatthika:
        • those who accused monks with baseless pārājikā offences (e.g.: Vs. Mettiya and Bhummajaka and the layman Vaḍḍha, who was a Licchavī)
        • any monk who has committed pārājikā offence and lives an unvirtuous life
      • sāsana paccatthika:
        • monks who hold wrong views (e.g.: V. Ariṭṭha and sāmaṇera Kaṇṭhaka)
        • monks who hold wrong opinions (e.g.: Vesālika Vajjiputtaka monks)
        • monks who consider the teachings not taught by the Buddha as taught by the Buddha, etc. (followers of other Buddhist sects such as Mahāsaṅghikas)

   3. 3 saddhamma

      • pariyatti saddhamma: tepiṭakaṃ buddhavacanaṃ
      • paṭipatti saddhamma:
        • 13 dhutaguṇa (dhutaṅgas)
        • 14 khandhakavattāni
        • 82 mahāvattāni
      • adhigama saddhamma:
        • 6 abhiññā
        • 4 magga and phalas (highest)
        • 3 vijjā
        • 4 paṭisambhidā

      note: the vinayadhara, when there are few virtuous monks in the world, could properly ordain monks (outside majjhadesa first, then inside) and then purify their virtue, keeping the 3 saddhammas

   4. 6 benefits of being a vinayadhara

      • tassādheyyo uposatho / pavāraṇā / saṅghakammaṃ / pabbajjā / upasampadā: these kammas belong to him
      • nissayaṃ deti sāmaṇeraṃ upaṭṭhāpeti: only he gives nissaya and becomes an upajjhāya for the sāmaṇeras

5. desire connected to the offense

   garahitukāmatā: desire to criticize

Offenses

• in the presence of another upa.
  • criticizing the vinaya: pc
  • criticizing other teachings: dkṭ
• in the presence of an anupa.
  • criticizing the vinaya / other teachings: dkṭ

Non-offences

• na vivaṇṇetukāmo “Iṅgha tvaṃ suttante vā gāthāyo vā abhidhammaṃ vā pariyāpuṇassu pacchā vinayaṃ pariyāpuṇissasī”ti bhaṇati: without the intention to criticize the vinaya, encouraging others to first study suttas, gāthās, or Abhidhamma, and vinaya later

Factors

• garahitukāmatā: desire to criticize
• upasampannassa santike sikkhāpada-vivaṇṇanaṃ: criticizing the vinaya rules in front of a fully ordained monk
  • (:q: what about the pātimokkha being recited? isn’t that a factor?)
  • (:q: what about the pātimokkhe uddissamāne)

Other elements

citta and saññā: sacittaka and saññāvimokkha

āpatti and its saññā: tika-pācittiya and tika-dukkaṭa; upasampanna / anupasampanna saññā (the perception that the person near whom Vinaya rules are criticized is an upa. / anupa.)

kusalattika and vedanāttika: akusala citta and dukkha vedanā

vajja: lokavajja

kiriya: kiriya

samuṭṭhāna: kāya-citta, vācā-citta and kāya-vācā-citta

kamma: kāyakamma or vacīkamma

Vocabulary

1. iṅgha

   ind. (+imp) please!; come on!; go on!; move it!; check it out! √iñj

2. apakataññū

   adj. (+loc) inexpert (in); not adept (in); not well versed (in); lit. not naturally knowing na > a + pakata + ñū

3. pakata

   adj. (+instr) made (by); created (by); produced (by); forged (by) pa + √kar + ta ✓ adj. (+instr) afflicted (with); overwhelmed (by) pa + √kar + ta ✓

4. ādheyya

   ptp. to be put; to be deposited; lit. to be placed here ā + √dhā + eyya ~

5. vilekha

   masc. perplexity; confusion; lit. scratching vi + √likh + *a

Extra notes

• about the removal of minor rules:
  • since the buddha allowed the sangha to remove samuhaniya minor rules, the decision of the 1st council cannot override that allowance
• vinayasangaha aṭṭhakathā:
  • book that contains all extensions / elaborations of rules introduced by the commentaries
  • (such as extending the 25 garubhaṇḍas to include furniture)
  • some criticize these additions
• nettipakaraṇa: was it by mahākaccayana or not?; conclusion: if its in line with the teaching, it doesn’t matter who taught it
• ancient mahāvihāra: if someone brings a sutta not found in the collection, it should be analyzed; if claimed to be from the Buddha and in line with the body of teaching, it can be accepted and incorporated
• gulavessantara: there were a few suttas that were removed bc they were against the suttas, though some theras considered them authentic
• buddhavamsapali: in some places, there are some contradictions: sumedha got the prophecy and at the same time, the chief disciples were also given, but they are said to have been decided 3 ask later. Were they certain from the beginning, or just the names given like posts? Maybe when the text was written, all the info was

Mohana S.

Background

chabbaggiyas claimed ignorance of rules to excuse past offences

Pāli Rule

Yo pana bhikkhu anvaḍḍhamāsaṃ pātimokkhe uddissamāne evaṃ vadeyya - ‘Idāneva kho ahaṃ jānāmi, ayampi kira dhammo suttāgato suttapariyāpanno anvaḍḍhamāsaṃ uddesaṃ āgacchatī’ti. Tañce bhikkhuṃ aññe bhikkhū jāneyyum nisinnapubbaṃ iminā bhikkhunā dvattikkhattuṃ pātimokkhe uddissamāne, ko pana vādo bhiyyoti, na ca tassa bhikkhuno aññāṇakena mutti atthi, yañca tattha āpattiṃ āpanno tañca yathā dhammo kāretabbo, uttari cassa moho āropetabbo - ‘Tassa te āvuso, alābhā, tassa te dulladdhaṃ, yaṃ tvaṃ pātimokkhe uddissamāne na sādhukaṃ aṭṭhikatvā manasi karosī’ti. Idaṃ tasmiṃ mohanake, pācittiyaṃ. (:q: uddissamāne is the same as the previous rule or the actual recitation of the patimokkha?)

Description

• purpose: to prevent deception (mohana) regarding knowledge of vinaya
• summary: Pretending not to know a training rule during pātimokkha recitation, though one has heard it before

1. mohana – definition

   • deceiving other bhikkhus
   • by feigning ignorance of training rules
   • during pātimokkha
   • after having committed an offense

   (:q: is the offense necessary, or just feigning ignorance without having an offense enough here?)

   1. what if one truly did not understand the rule?

      if there is the intention to deceive, he is not exempt from the offense

2. mohāropana – definition

   ñattidutiyakamma to declare a bhikkhu’s deception

   1. Kammavācā – Pāḷi

      Suṇātu me, bhante, saṅgho. Ayaṃ itthannāmo bhikkhu pātimokkhe uddissamāne na sādhukaṃ aṭṭhiṃ katvā manasi karoti. Yadi saṅghassa pattakallaṃ, saṅgho itthannāmassa bhikkhuno mohaṃ āropeyya. Esā ñatti.

      Suṇātu me…manasi karoti. Saṅgho itthannāmassa bhikkhuno mohaṃ āropeti. Yassāyasmato khamati itthannāmassa bhikkhuno mohassa āropanā, so tuṇhassa, yassa nakkhamati, so bhāseyya.

      Āropito saṅghena itthannāmassa bhikkhuno moho. Khamati saṅghassa, tasmā tuṇhī, evametaṃ dhārayāmi.

3. aññāṇakena mutti – definition

   • freedom from an offense due to not having knowledge of the training rules
   • only applicable if one has not yet heard the vitthāruddesa 2 or 3 times (3 is taken here, so 2 is still anāpatti)

Offences

• when the pātimokkha is being recited, intentionally deceiving
  • without mohāropanakamma: dkṭ
  • after mohāropanakamma: pc
  • monks are not deceived: irrelevant: pc

1. what if the monks are not deceived?

   actual deception is not needed; intent is enough for the offense to occur

Non-Offences

• na vitthārena sutaṃ hoti: did not fully hear pātimokkha before
• ūnakadvattikkhattuṃ sutaṃ: heard less than 2–3 times (3 times is taken here, so 2 times is still anāpatti)
• na mohetukāmassa: no intent to deceive

Factors

• mohāropanaṃ: mohāropana vinayakamma done
• mohetukāmatā: desire to deceive
• vuttanayena sutabhāvo: heard at least 3 times in full (vitthāruddesa)
• mohanaṃ: actual attempt to deceive

Vocabulary

1. mohetuṁ

   to deceive

Extra Notes

Citta & Saññā: sacittaka, saññāvimokkha

Āpatti and its saññā: tika-pācittiya, tika-dukkaṭa

Vajja: lokavajja

Kiriya: kiriya

Samuṭṭhāna: kāya-citta, vācā-citta, kāya-vācā-citta

Kamma: kāyakamma or vacīkamma

Pahāradāna S.

Background

chabbaggiya monks hit sattarasavaggiya monks out of anger

Pāli Rule

Yo pana bhikkhu bhikkhussa kupito anattamano pahāraṃ dadeyya, pācittiyaṃ.

Description

• Purpose: To restrain physical aggression in the Saṅgha
• Summary of the offence: Hitting another bhikkhu out of anger

1. kopa – definition

   kupito anattamano: āhatacitto khilajāto (disturbed and roughened mind)

2. 3 types of pahāradāna (hitting)

   • kāyena: with body (e.g., hand, leg)
   • kāyapaṭibaddhena: with object held in body (e.g., stick)
   • nissaggiyena: thrown object (e.g., rock, even lotus petal with angry mind)

Offences

• when hitting:
  • an upa.: pc
  • an anupa. (laity, woman, animal, etc.): dkṭ
  • a woman with kāyasaṁsaggarāga: sgds
  • a woman with methunarāga: dkṭ
  • an upa. who dies due to the strike: pc, unless there was the intent to kill, in which case: prjk
    • (:q: what about hitting trying to kill under parajika?)
  • intending to free oneself from harm: anāpatti: mokkhādhippāya

Non-Offences

• mokkhādhippāya: hitting with the intent to escape from harm (e.g. thief, wild animal), even if the other dies

Factors

• bhikkhussa … pahāraṁ dadeyya
  • upasampannassa pahāradānaṁ: striking an upa.
• kupito anattamano
  • kupitattā: presence of anger
  • na mokkhādhippāyatā: not intending to free oneself from harm

Other elements

Citta and Saññā: sacittaka, saññāvimokkha

Āpatti and its saññā: tika-pācittiya, tika-dukkaṭa

Vajja: lokavajja

Kiriya: kiriya

Samuṭṭhāna: kāya-citta

Kamma: kāyakamma

Vocabulary

1. āhata

   • pp. struck; beaten; hit; whacked ā + √han + ta
   • pp. affected; afflicted; stricken
   • nt. application; employment; effort; lit. striking
   • pp. brought; gathered ā + √har + ta

2. khila

   • masc. (+loc) hardness (towards); coldness (towards); hard-heartedness (towards) √khī + la
   • nt. (+loc) hardness (towards); coldness (towards); hard-heartedness (towards)

Talasattika S.

Background

• Buddha in Jetavana, Sāvatthi
• chabbaggiyas raised their hands threateningly at sattarasavaggiya bhikkhus, making them cry

Pāli Rule

yo pana bhikkhu bhikkhussa kupito anattamano talasattikaṃ uggireyya, pācittiyaṃ

Description

• Purpose: To avoid displays of anger and violence among monks

• Summary of the offence: Raising the hand or an object in a threatening gesture (without hitting), out of anger, toward a bhikkhu.

1. talasattika – definition

   • tala: lifting kāya or kāyapaṭibaddha in a threatening manner; lit.: palm weapon, using the hand as a weapon
     • notes: a nissaggiya (thrown) object is not explicitly included in this rule
       • :q: so pointing a gun/bow at someone would not be a pc?
   • sattika: implies potential to strike, even if the object is soft or harmless, e.g., a lotus petal
     • some teachers: tala = talasattika – talameva talasattikaṁ

Offences

• raising kāya / kāyapaṭibaddha with anger, implying intent to hit
  • an upa.: pc
  • an anupa.: dkṭ
• when it results in an accidental hit without the intention to strike:
  • p-a: dkṭ for the strike under pahāradāna: it doesn’t fall under talasattika but under pahāradāna because there was a strike (the strike brings the whole action under pahāradāna); under pahāradāna, hitting intentionally is a pc, but since there is no intention here, only a dkṭ is assigned even if it causes injury because of the improper action done with an unwholesome mind; “na paharitukāmatāya dinnattā dukkaṭaṃ”; this dkṭ appear to be added by the commentary, not in the original rule
  • vjrbd:
    • lifting: pc under talasattika
    • accidentally hitting: dkṭ because it results from the initial angry action
    • disagrees with the comm.; the accidental strike should not nullify the lifting’s offense
  • srtdpn & vmtvndn:
    • only dkṭ for lifting under talasattika; the strike is not an offense since it is unintentional

Non-Offences

• kenaci viheṭhīyamāno mokkhādhippāyo talasattikaṃ uggirati: if raising the hand / object to escape physical abuse (from human or animal), even if with anger
• notes: some teachers include acts like chasing away animals (e.g. defecating near the monastery) under this factor

Factors

• kupitatā: presence of anger
• na mokkhādhippāyatā: no intention to escape
• upasampannassa talasattiuggiraṇaṃ: gesture of hitting toward a fully ordained bhikkhu

Other elements

citta and saññā: sacittaka, saññāvimokkha

āpatti and its saññā: tika-pācittiya, tika-dukkaṭa

kusalattika & vedanāttika: akusalacitta, dukkhavedanā

vajja: lokavajja

kiriya: kiriya

samuṭṭhāna: kāya-citta

kamma: kāyakamma

Amūlaka S.

Background

Pāli Rule

yo pana bhikkhu bhikkhuṃ amūlakena saṅghādisesena anuddhaṃseyya, pācittiyaṃ

Description

1. taṅkhaṇavijānana – definition

   • understanding at that moment: the accused must understand the accusation when it is done for the full offense to be incurred
     • (:q: clarify whether there is a dkṭ)

Offences

• with suddhasaññā, knowingly and falsely accusing an upa. of
  • a sgds: pc
  • a tlc, pc, dkṭ, or dbhst: dkṭ
  • holding a wrong view – diṭṭhivipatti: dkṭ
• doing any of these to an anupa.: dkṭ
• if the accused does not understand on that moment – taṅkhaṇavijānana: not a pc, maybe anāpatti (:q: confirm)

Non-Offences

• tathāsaññī: if a monk truly but mistakenly believes that the accused has committed a saṅghādisesa offence

Factors

• upasampannatā: the one being accused is a bhikkhu
• saṅghādisesassa amūlakatā: accusation is baseless
• anuddhaṃsanā: accusing or making someone else accuse
  • (:q: through)
• taṅkhaṇavijānanā: the accused realizes it immediately

Other elements

• citta and saññā: sacittaka, saññāvimokkha
• āpatti and its saññā: tika-pācittiya, tika-dukkaṭa
• kusalattika and vedanāttika: akusalacitta, dukkhavedanā
• vajja: lokavajja
• kiriya: kiriya
• samuṭṭhāna: kāya-citta, vācā-citta, or kāyavācā-citta
• kamma: kāyakamma or vacīkamma

Sañcicca S.

Background

• Buddha in Jetavana, Sāvatthi
• chabbaggiyas told the sattarasavaggiya monks that they were not properly ordained because they had taken upasampadā before 20, deliberately to cause doubt and distress

Pāli Rule

yo pana bhikkhu bhikkhussa sañcicca kukkuccaṃ upadaheyya – ‘Itissa muhuttampi aphāsu bhavissatī’ti, etadeva paccayaṃ karitvā anaññaṃ, pācittiyaṃ deliberately provoking doubt in another monk’s mind, just to cause discomfort is a pācittiya offense

Description

1. etadeva paccayaṃ karitvā anaññaṃ – definition

   • etadeva paccayaṃ: only the intention to cause kukkucca (doubt / suspicion)
   • anaññaṃ: not another intention (e.g. not for benefit or correction)

2. is it considered a lie?

   • it is not a lie if the intent is to cause doubt, only if to deceive
     • :q: if one says an untruth to scare, cause doubt, cause confusion, or many other possibilities, it is not lying? maybe if done intentionally saying what is not the truth, it might be a lie as well.

Offences

• intending to cause discomfort, deliberately making doubt occur
  • to an upa.: pc
  • to an anupa.: dkṭ
• offenses are counted according to: word: each word causing doubt entails an offense

Non-Offences

doing so without the intention to cause doubt but for the benefit of the other (e.g., so they don’t doubt later)

Factors

• upasampannatā – the one who is made to have doubt is a bhikkhu
• aphāsukāmatā – desire to cause discomfort
• kukkuccuppādanaṃ – the doubt arises in the listener

Other elements

• citta and saññā: sacittaka, saññāvimokkha
• āpatti and its saññā: tika-pācittiya, tika-dukkaṭa
• kusalattika and vedanāttika: akusalacitta, dukkhavedanā
• vajja: lokavajja
• kiriya: kiriya
• samuṭṭhāna: kāya-citta, vācā-citta, kāyavācā-citta
• kamma: kāyakamma or vacīkamma

Upassuti S.

Background

• Buddha in Jetavana
• chabbaggiyas fight with well-behaved bhikkhus, who call them alajjī, and a quarrel begins
• chabbaggiyas eavesdrop
• monks criticize
• Buddha reprimands the chabbaggiyas and declares the rule

Pāḷi Rule

yo pana bhikkhu bhikkhūnaṃ bhaṇḍanajātānaṃ kalahajātānaṃ vivādāpannānaṃ upassutiṃ tiṭṭheyya – yaṃ ime bhaṇissanti, taṃ sossāmīti– etadeva paccayaṃ karitvā anaññaṃ, pācittiyaṃ

Description

1. bhaṇḍanajāta – definition

   • bhaṇḍana: in a quarrel, planning with one’s group to say or do this or that when the opposing group says or does this or that
   • bhaṇḍanajāta: one who is involved in bhaṇḍana; one in whom bhaṇḍana has occurred; nt. blaming; accusing; conflicting √bhaṇḍ + ana

2. kalahajāta – definition

   • kalaha: fighting either verbally or physically
   • kalahajāta: one who is involved in such a fight; one in whom a kalaha has occurred

3. vivādāpanna – definition

   • vivāda (vi + √vad) / vivādādhirakaṇa: argument between groups about who is right and wrong
   • vivādāpanna: one who is involved in (entered into) such argument

4. upassuti – definition

   • upassutiṁ tiṭṭheyya: stands (or any other posture) where the conversation can be heard
   • upassuti: standing close to the sound (upa + suti); listening in, eavesdropping, snooping
     • srtdpn: favors 1st definition based on comm: upassuti: yattha ṭhatvā sakkā hoti tesaṃ vacanaṃ sotuṃ (the place where one can stand and listen to their voice); aṭṭhame sutisamīpanti saddasamīpaṃ…tatthāti evamattho gahetabbo)
     • some teachers: the area closer to the area where one can stand and listen to the sound (:q: clarify)

5. intention related to the offense

   • codanādhippāya: the intention to
     • accuse them later or
     • remind them later of what they have said
       • :q: clarify

6. etadeva paccayaṁ karitvā anaññaṁ pācittiyaṁ – definition

   • etadeva paccayaṃ karitvā … pācittiyaṃ: it is a pc only (eva) for listening (karitvā) with codanādhippāya (etaṁ paccayaṁ)
   • anaññaṃ: not in other cases – there is no offense if not under those conditions
     • etadeva paccayaṃ karitvā anaññanti na añño koci paccayo hoti upassutiṃ tiṭṭhituṃ

7. 4 situations in which the offense can happen

   • taking steps to where one can hear
   • when walking behind those discussing
   • when walking ahead of those discussing
   • when the monks involved in the argument come to one’s presence

Offenses

• context: when there are arguments between bhikkhus (not necessarily at the moment)
• intention: to hear the conversation of the monk(s) involved in the argument and use it to accuse them later or remind them of what they said
• eavesdropping on what is being discussed: pc
• according to the 4 situations in which it can happen:
  1. with the respective intention,
     • taking steps to listen: dkṭ
     • coming to and standing where the discussion can be heard: pc
  2. when walking behind those discussing,
     • increasing the speed: dkṭ
     • reaching where the discussion can be heard: pc
  3. when walking ahead of those discussing,
     • slowing down the speed: dkṭ
     • reaching where the discussion can be heard: pc
  4. when the monks involved in the argument come to one’s presence, what should one do?
     • show one’s presence bodily or verbally such as clearing one’s throat
     • not doing so: pc
• according to intention:
  • intending to accuse them later (codanādhippāya): pc
  • intending to remind them later (codanādhippāya): pc
  • intending to free oneself from the adhikaraṇa: anāpatti
  • intending to solve the adhikaraṇa: anāpatti

Non-offences

imesaṃ sutvā oramissāmi viramissāmi vūpasamissāmi attānaṃ parimocessāmīti gacchati: one who goes to listen not intending to accuse them, intending to settle the argument or declare one’s innocence

Factors

• upasampannatā: the monk involved in the argument and whose talk one listens to being fully ordained
• codanādhippāyo: intention of accusing
• savanaṃ: overhearing (:q: hearing here means understanding something that is said or just hearing their voices without understanding it?)

Other elements related to the offence

• citta and saññā: sacittaka and saññāvimokkha
• āpatti and its saññā: tika-pācittiya and tika-dukkaṭa; upasampanna / anupasampanna saññā
• kusalattika and vedanāttika: akusala citta and dukkha vedanā
• vajja: lokavajja
• kiriya: kiriya when walking to listen; akiriya when not informing of one’s presence
• samuṭṭhāna: kāya-citta and kāya-vācā-citta
• kamma: kāyakamma or vacīkamma

Vocabulary

1. oramati

   pr. abstains (from); desists (from)

2. viramati vi + √ram + a + ti

   pr. (+acc or +dat or +abl) stops; abstains (from); gives up; desists (from)

3. vūpasameti vi upa sam e ti

   pr. (+acc) quells; settles; causes to become calm; causes to subside pr. (+acc) (vinaya) settles; resolves

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Kammappaṭibāhana S.

Background

• chabbaggiyas gave consent to a vinayakamma
• after a monk was punished, they claimed they hadn’t agreed
• Buddha reprimanded them and established this rule

Pāli Rule

Yo pana bhikkhu dhammikānaṃ kammānaṃ chandaṃ datvā pacchā khiyyanadhammaṃ āpajjeyya, pācittiyaṃ if a bhikkhu consents to a legitimate Saṅgha action and later criticizes it, he commits a pācittiya offence

Description

• purpose: to prevent monks from criticizing vinayakammas they have given consent to
• summary of the offence: criticizing a Saṅgha decision after consenting to it

1. dhammika kamma – definition

   legitimate / righteous disciplinary action

2. chandaṁ datvā – definition

   giving formal consent

3. khiyyanadhammaṁ āpajjeyya – definition

   criticizing (:q: what is included under criticism here?)

4. vaggakamma – definition

   a disciplinary action done without the unity of the saṅgha, with a divided saṅgha

5. kammacatuvidha – 4 types of vinayakamma with an example

   • apalokana kamma: act for obtaining permission / giving notices that has 3 characteristics:
     • vatthuṃ kittetvā: a vatthu is mentioned to the saṅgha
     • ruccati saṅghassa 3x: “the saṅgha prefers (likes) this”, and so on
     • anumati: approval of the united saṅgha
   • ñatti kamma: with one motion and anumati of the united saṅgha (e.g.: uposathakamma)
   • ñattidutiya kamma: one motion + one proclamation and anumati (e.g.: mohāropana)
   • ñatticatuttha kamma: one motion + three proclamations and anumati (e.g.: upasampadā, parivāsadāna, mānattadāna, abbhānadāna…)

6. 5 types of apalokanakamma

   • nissāraṇa: suspending a sāmaṇera, like Kaṇṭhaka, who criticizes the Buddha, Dhamma or Saṅgha, or holds a wrong view; suspending an ill-behaved sāmaṇera from the community
   • osāraṇa: reinstating the suspended sāmaṇera who has corrected himself
   • bhaṇḍukamma: getting permission to shave a candidate for novicehood
   • brahmadaṇḍa: deciding that the Saṅgha should not speak with or admonish a rude monk like V. Channa
   • kammalakkhaṇa: any kamma of which the characteristic is the mere act of the vinayakamma; initially declared to bhikkhunīs

7. kammalakkhaṇa apalokanakamma – background and examples

   • background:
     • chabbaggiyas doused bhikkhunīs with muddy water, exposed them their body, calves and penis, talked to them with lustful words, and connected them with men
     • buddha asked bhikknunīs to do a vinayakamma, which can be done in the bhikkhunopassaya, so the monks who did so should not be worshiped by them
     • e.g.:
       • avandiyakamma (the one mentioned above)
       • bhaṇḍabhājana (distribution of requisites to such monks as acchinnacīvaro, naṭṭhacīvaro, gilāno, bahussuto, saṅghabhāranittharako (one who bears the responsibilities of the saṅgha), and so on, or requisites for the purpose of lodging
       • consumption of monastery requisites such as roots, barks, leaves, sprouts, flowers, fruits of trees in a monastery, removing trees that provide shade or fruits for the construction of lodgings and so on

Offences

• giving consent to a kamma and later criticizing it
  • without knowing any fault in it (and it was actually a dhammika kamma): pc
  • knowing it was faulty (adhamma, vagga, or to an akammārahapuggala): anāpatti

Non-Offences

if the criticism is due to knowledge of:

• adhamma (illegal)
• vagga (lack of Saṅgha unity)
• akammāraha (person not deserving a kamma)

Factors

• dhammakammatā: the vinayakamma is righteous
• dhammakammanti saññā: one believes it was righteous
• chandaṃ datvā khiyyanaṃ: consents and then criticizes

Other elements

citta and saññā: sacittaka, saññāvimokkha

āpatti and its saññā: ekaka-pācittiya, tika-dukkaṭa

kusalattika and vedanāttika: akusalacitta, dukkhavedanā

vajja: lokavajja

kiriya: kiriya

samuṭṭhāna: kāya-citta, vācā-citta, kāyavācā-citta

kamma: kāyakamma, vacīkamma

Vocabulary

1. kittetvā

   abs. (+acc) having praised; having spoken highly (of) √kitt + *e + tvā

Extra notes

• some monasteries give all requisites to one monk and he invites the sangha to take on trust from him

Chandaṃadatvāgamana S.

Background

Pāli Rule

Yo pana bhikkhu saṅghe vinicchayakathāya vattamānāya chandaṃ adatvā uṭṭhāyāsanā pakkameyya, pācittiyaṃ Leaving the Saṅgha assembly during an ongoing formal act without giving consent is a pācittiya offence

Description

1. what % of agreement does a vinayakamma require?

   unanimous agreement

2. vinicchayakathāya vattamānāya – 3 cases a vinayakamma is considered unfinished

   • vatthu ārocitaṃ hoti avinicchitaṃ: an adhikaraṇa (vivāda- or anuvāda-, etc.) in which the matters have been explained by both sides but the appointed judge hasn’t yet come to a judgmgent
   • ñatti ṭhapitā hoti: ñatti has been done but not yet the anusāvana(s); does not apply to apalokana / ñatti kammas
   • kammavācā vippakatā hoti: the anusāvana has begun but not ended

3. samānasaṁvāsaka vs nānāsaṁvāsaka – definition

   • samānasaṁvāsaka: pakatatta monks (here: not suspended)
   • nānāsaṁvāsaka: ukkhittaka monks (suspended) – 2 types:
     • kamma nānāsaṃvāsaka: suspended by vinayakamma
     • laddhi nānāsaṃvāsaka: suspended by following a kamma nānāsaṁvāsaka
   • note: this rule applies to: samānasaṁvāsaka

Offences

• leaving seat intending to invalidade the kamma: dkṭ
• leaving the hatthapāsa without having given chanda: pc

Non-Offences

• leaving to avoid conflict
• fearing saṅghabheda or saṅgharāji
• if act is adhammakamma
• sick or urgent personal needs
• leaving with intent to return: but the vinayakamma becomes invalid

Factors

• vinicchayakathāya vattamānāya: ongoing vinicchayakathā
• dhammakamma: righteous act
• dhammakammasaññā: perception it’s righteous
• same sīmā
• being a samānasaṃvāsaka monk
• chandaṁ adatvā uṭṭhāyāsanā pakkameyya: leaving with intent to invalidate without giving chanda

Other elements

citta and saññā: sacittaka, saññāvimokkha

āpatti and its saññā: ekaka-pācittiya, tika-dukkaṭa

kusalattika and vedanāttika: akusalacitta, dukkhavedanā

vajja: lokavajja

kiriya: kiriya-akiriya

samuṭṭhāna: kāya-vācā-citta

kamma: kāyakamma or vacīkamma

Vocabulary

1. vippakata

   pp. interrupted; unfinished vi + pa + √kar + ta

Dubbala S.

Background

• Saṅgha gave robe to V. Dabbamallaputta (senāsanapaññāpaka, bhattuddesaka)
• Chabbaggiyas blamed favoritism

Pāli Rule

yo pana bhikkhu samaggena saṅghena cīvaraṃ datvā pacchā khiyyanadhammaṃ āpajjeyya ‘yathāsanthutaṃ bhikkhū saṅghikaṃ lābhaṃ pariṇāmentīti, pācittiyaṃ (criticizing a unanimous saṅgha decision to offer a robe is a pācittiya offence)

Description

1. 6 sammuti relevant to this rule

   • senāsanapaññāpaka
   • bhattuddesaka
   • yāgubhājaka
   • phalabhājaka
   • khajjabhājaka
   • appamattakavissajjaka
     • (:q: related to distribution (tbc))

2. 4 types of role holders

   • sammata: one who was given sammuti through a kammavācā
     • upa.
     • anupa.
   • asammata: one who performs the respective duty without having received sammuti through a kammavācā
     • upa.
     • anupa.

Offences

• criticizing robe given
  • to sammata upa.: pc
  • to sammata anupa. or asammata: dkṭ
• doing so for other vebhaṅgiya parikkhāra: dkṭ

Non-Offences

• criticizing based on genuine concern (e.g. āgati: misuse due to chanda, dosa, bhaya, moha)

Factors

• receiver is upasampanna
• righteous sammuti
• robe: one of 6 (acc. to material) and vikappanupaga (minimum)
  • cīvaraṃ nāma channaṃ cīvarānaṃ aññataraṃ cīvaraṃ vikappanupagaṃ pacchimaṃ
• criticizing after kamma with critical intention

Other elements

citta and saññā: sacittaka, saññāvimokkha

āpatti and its saññā: tika-pācittiya, duka-dukkaṭa

kusalattika and vedanāttika: akusalacitta, dukkhavedanā

vajja: lokavajja

kiriya: kiriya

samuṭṭhāna: kāya-citta, vācā-citta, or kāya-vācā-citta

kamma: kāyakamma or vacīkamma

Vocabulary

1. sammuti

   fem. common opinion; popular idea; general agreement; general consensus saṃ + √mun + ti

   fem. politics; diplomacy; lit. agreement saṃ + √mun + ti

   fem. (vinaya) permission; consent; agreement saṃ + √mun + ti

   fem. convention, conventional

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Pariṇāmana S.

Background

• people from Sāvatthi prepared robes and rice for the Saṅgha
• chabbaggiyas redirected / diverged robes to their group
• donors later informed bhikkhus after rice was offered

Pāli Rule

yo pana bhikkhu jānaṃ saṅghikaṃ lābhaṃ pariṇataṃ puggalassa pariṇāmeyya, pācittiyaṃ (allocating a saṅgha-allocated gain to an individual knowingly is a pācittiya offence)

pariṇataṃ

• dassāma harissāmāti vācā bhinnā hoti: the donor has uttered “We will give /do to”

Offences

• diverging requisites destined for the Saṅgha
  • to another individual: pc
  • to oneself: np 30
• when asked, advising the donor to give where his mind inclines to or where the gift lasts: anāpatti
• note: other details are as per the pariṇatasikkhāpada (np 30)

1. TODO make a table

   1. Pariṇate pariṇatasaññī puggalassa pariṇāmeti, āpatti pācittiyassa.

   If he appropriates designated property for an individual, perceiving it as designated, it is an offense of pācittiya. Pariṇate vematiko puggalassa pariṇāmeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa. If he appropriates designated property for an individual, being in doubt, it is an offense of dukkaṭa. Pariṇate apariṇatasaññī puggalassa pariṇāmeti, anāpatti. If he appropriates designated property for an individual, perceiving it as not designated, there is no offense. Saṅghassa pariṇataṃ aññasaṅghassa vā cetiyassa vā pariṇāmeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa. If he appropriates property designated for the Saṅgha for another Saṅgha or for a cetiya, it is an offense of dukkaṭa. Cetiyassa pariṇataṃ aññacetiyassa vā saṅghassa vā puggalassa vā pariṇāmeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa. If he appropriates property designated for a cetiya for another cetiya or for the Saṅgha or for an individual, it is an offense of dukkaṭa. Puggalassa pariṇataṃ aññapuggalassa vā saṅghassa vā cetiyassa vā pariṇāmeti, āpatti dukkaṭassa. If he appropriates property designated for an individual for another individual or for the Saṅgha or for a cetiya, it is an offense of dukkaṭa. Apariṇate pariṇatasaññī, āpatti dukkaṭassa. If he perceives what is not given as given, there is an offense of dukkaṭa. Apariṇate vematiko, āpatti dukkaṭassa. If he is doubtful when it has not been diverted, there is an offense of dukkaṭa. Apariṇate apariṇatasaññī, anāpatti. If he is perceptive that it has not been diverted when it has not been diverted, there is no offense.

Non-Offences

• when asked, advising donor neutrally: “give to where your mind inclines or where the gift lasts

Factors

• knowingly reallocating to an individual
• requisite allocated to the Saṅgha
• individual receives the item
  • (:q: otherwise, would it be a dkṭ?)

Other elements

• citta and saññā: sacittaka, saññāvimokkha
• āpatti and its saññā: ekaka-pācittiya, tika-dukkaṭa
• kusalattika and vedanāttika: akusalacitta, tivedanā
• vajja: lokavajja
• kiriya: kiriya
• samuṭṭhāna: kāya-citta, vācā-citta, kāya-vācā-citta
• kamma: kāyakamma or vacīkamma