Samāsakaṇḍa – Introduction
Samāsakaṇḍa – Introduction
Introduction
explains how two or more nouns are combined to form a single one
samāsa – definition and characteristic
- definition
- samassate’ti samāso: it is called compound because it is contracted or abbreviated – samāso padasaṅkhepo
- samāsapada: a compound word in which all words and meanings are contracted into one
- samassate’ti samāso: it is called compound because it is contracted or abbreviated – samāso padasaṅkhepo
- characteristic
- bhinnatthānaṃ ekatthībhāvo samāsa-lakkhaṇaṃ: the characteristic of a compound is that two or more words having different meanings become united into a single meaning
rañño puriso (the king’s man)
- expanded in terms of:
- words: since they are different separated words
- meaning: since 2 different meanings are conveyed by 2 separate words
- rañño: king
- puriso: male servant
rājapuriso
- contracted in terms of:
- words: since it is 1 word
- meaning: since it conveys a single meaning
- king’s son
2 payojana (purposes) of samāsa
- ekapadatta (single-wordness): multiple words become a single word
- ekavibhattitta (single-case-ending-ness): multiple words take a single case ending
samāsa-forming words
- generally: words that take nāmavibhattis
- nāmas
- nipātas
- upasaggas (have “non apparent” case endings)
- note:
- ākhyātapadas (verbs): generally do not form compounds but may do so if
- used ruḷhīnāma (conventional nouns)
- aññāsikoṇḍañño
- makkhaligosālo
- followed by iti
- anaññātaññassāmītindriyaṃ
- used ruḷhīnāma (conventional nouns)
- suffixes, roots, and stems do not have vibhatti and are not part of speech
- ākhyātapadas (verbs): generally do not form compounds but may do so if
-
acc. to meaning
- yuttattha: related / connected meaning – such words can form samāsas
- ayuttattha: unrelated / unconnected meaning – such words cannot form samāsas – 2 types
- aññamañña anapekkha: words that do not depend on each other
- bhaṭo rañño putto devadattassa (the servant of the king is the son of devadatta)
- rañño and putto: aññamañña anapekkha – not “the king’s son” but “Devadatta’s son”
- bhaṭo rañño putto devadattassa (the servant of the king is the son of devadatta)
- añña sāpekkha: words that depend on another separate word
- devadattassa kaṇhā dantā (the black teeth of Devadatta)
- devadattassa kaṇhā: could form a compound but not here
- devadatta: añña sāpekkha – it depends on dantā
- devadattassa kaṇhā dantā (the black teeth of Devadatta)
- aññamañña anapekkha: words that do not depend on each other
- kcyn: nāmanam samāso yuttattho (nouns having a connected or mutually related meaning can form compounds)
construction of a samāsa
- remove case endings
- compund the stems
- add case ending
2 samasana
- saddasamasana (word-contraction): multiple sounds, forms, words are contracted into one
- atthasamasana (meaning-contraction): multiple meanings become contracted into one
samāsa vs sandhi
- similarities
- words are joined together
- written together
- differences
- samāsa
- multiple words become one word
- case endings are dropped (usually)
- e.g.: lokanto
- sandhi
- words remain separate words
- case endings remain
- phonetic changes for smoothness of pronunciation
- e.g.: lokassanto
- note: sandhi can occur within samāsa
- samāsa
samāsa vs taddhita
- similarities
- result in a single word
- differences
- samāsa: word + word – samāso padasaṅkhepo
- taddhita: word + suffix – padappaccayasaṁhitaṁ taddhitaṁ
samāsa types
-
acc. to elision
- luttasamāsa (elided-compound): case endings are elided; both sadda- and attha-samasana occur
- rañño puriso -> rājapuriso
- aluttasamāsa (non-elided-compound): case endings are not elided; atthasamasana occurs but saddasamasana is not evident
- dassanena pahātabbā -> dassanenapahātabbā
- luttasamāsa (elided-compound): case endings are elided; both sadda- and attha-samasana occur
-
6 samāsas
- avyayībhāva
- nagarassa samīpaṃ -> upanagaraṃ (vicinity of the city)
- kammadhāraya
- mahanto puriso -> mahāpuriso (a great man)
- digu
- tayo lokā -> tilokaṃ (the three worlds)
- tappurisa
- araññaṃ gato -> araññagato (one who has gone to the forest)
- bahubbīhi
- āgatā samaṇā imanti -> āgatasamaṇo (saṅghārāmo) (the monastery at which monks have arrived)
- dvandva
- sāriputto ca moggallāno ca -> sāriputtamoggallānā (sāriputta and moggallāna)
mem aid: work (kamma) ⇒ 2 cows (digu) ⇒ cowboy (tappurisa) ⇒ 2 & 2 (dvanda) ⇒ many paddy (bahubbīhi) ⇒ unchanging (avyayībhāva)
- avyayībhāva
viggahavākya
- viggahavākya / nibbacana / vacanattha / abhidhānattha: etymological definition sentence that explains the meaning of the derived word
- visesena attho gayhati etenāti viggaho (visesena gayhati): it is called a viggaha because the meaning (of the derived word) is specifically understood through this sentence
-
nipphannapada and viggahavākya
- nipphannapada: derived word
nipphannapada viggahavākya upanagaraṃ nagarassa samīpaṃ mahāpuriso mahanto puriso tilokaṃ tayo lokā araññagato araññaṃ gato āgatasamaṇo āgatā samaṇā imanti sāriputtamoggallānā sāriputto ca moggallāno ca -
3 viggahas
- samāsa viggaha
- taddhita viggaha
- kitaka viggaha (:q: clarify)
-
2 purposes for viggahavākya
- clarify the meaning of the compound
- show the type of compound