Samāsakaṇḍa

Avyayībhāva / Abyayībhāva Samāsa

abyayībhāva – definition, 2 meanings

upasagga-nipāta-pubbako abyayībhāvo (kcyn): the first member is either a prefix or an indeclinable
- pubbako can also mean more prominent (next meaning)
pubbapadatthappadhāno abyayībhāvo (rpsd): the meaning of the first member is predominant (padhāno)
- it’s the only samāsa with this characteristic
  - (:q: the first one or the second ot both?)
- note: adjectives are not as prominent as the nouns they modify
  - dussīla: not abyayībhāva (du as bad (adj))
  - dubbhikkhā: abyayībhāva (du as scarcity)
2 meanings
- abyayānaṃ atthaṃ vibhāvetīti abyayībhāvo: it expresses the meaning of indeclinables
- anabyayaṃ abyayaṃ bhavatīti abyayībhāvo: the non-indeclinable compound becomes indeclinable
  - “becoming indeclinable”: appearing in the same form across different genders, cases, and numbers, like an indeclinable word
    - like upavadhu
note
- also called adverbial compound
e.g.:nagarassa samīpaṃ upanagaraṃ (vicinity of the city)
- upa ((vicinity, nearness – upasagga) + nagara
  - main meaning is that of the upasagga

abyaya – definition

abyayamiti upasagga-nipātānaṃ saññā, liṅga-vacana-bhedepi byayarahitatta (rpsd): abyaya / avyaya is the designation given to prefixes and particles for not undergoing change according to gender or number

byaya: change
abyaya: that which has no change, indeclinable
- nrtdpn: natthi byayo etassāti abyayo

2 viggahas acc. to the words it uses

assapadaviggaha: uses a substitute word
- sapada: own words
- a + sapada: not its own words
- nagarassa samīpaṃ upanagaraṃ
  - nagarassa: chaṭṭhīvibhatti
  - upa (nearness): substituted by another word such as samīpa since upa cannot be used as an independent word
- note:
  - sīho viya sīho: upamā taddhita viggaha
    - sīha: normally, lion, but here sīha + a (taddhita suffix of comparison) means one who is like a lion
sapadaviggaha: uses the original words
- nīlaṃ uppalaṃ nīluppalaṃ
- mahanto puriso mahāpuriso
- sāriputto ca moggallāno ca sāriputtamoggallānā

substitutes for upasaggas

nī: abhāva
anu
- pacchā (after)
- yogga (suitability)
- anu (in vicchā usage)
- anupubba (sequence, order)
adhi-: adhikicca (based on / concerning)
pati
- pati (in vicchā usage)
- patiloma (in opposition, against)
su-: samiddhi (prosperity)
ā-: (mariyādā, abhividhi: limit or extent)
upa: samīpa
note: abhi, pati, pari, and anu when kammappavacanīya: can be used independently (sapadaviggaha)
(:q: are the other remaining upasaggas used (pa, para, etc.)?)

upasaggas that do not require substitute

abhi, pari, pati, anu when kammappavacanīya

from viggaha to samāsa

viggaha: naragassa samīpaṁ
case endings are elided
- nagarassa -> nagara
- samīpaṁ -> upa
  - substitute word is reverted to the respective abyaya
other occasional modifications
- in neuter: long ending vowels (gaṅgā) are shortened (gaṅga)
- upago -> upagu (o is shortened to u)
- non-a-kāranta abyayībhāvas: all case endings are dropped entirely
  - upavadhu
compounding of the terms in proper order: upanagara
- abyaya must come first in an avyayībhāvasamāsa
- nt. nom.: the final compound is declined in neuter gender, nominative case, singular or plural

abyayībhāva’s gender & declension

gender: mostly neuter
declension: as citta but with an optional substitution of -aṃ in all cases
- some say: always substituted
- not in pañcamīvibhatti
  - nrtdpn: rare but found

upanagara	ekv.	bhv.
pa.	upanagaraṁ	upanaragaṁ
		upanagarā
		upanagarāni
āl.	upanagaraṁ	"
	upanagara
	upanagarā
du.	upanagaraṁ	upanagaraṁ
		upanagare
		upanagarāni
ta.	upanagaraṁ	upanagaraṁ
	upanagarena	upanagarehi/bhi
ca./ch.	upanagaraṁ	upanagaraṁ
	upanagarassa	upanagarānaṁ
pa.	upanagaraṁ*	upanagaraṁ
	upanagarasmā/mhā	upanagarehi/bhi
	upanagarā
sa.	upanagaraṁ	upanagaraṁ
	upanagarasmiṁ/mhi	upanagaresu
	upanagare

note:
- *the substitution of aṃ in the pañcamī is very rare
- opinions of when -aṁ substitution happens
  - rpsd
    - na pañcamyāyamambhāvo, kvacīti adhikārato tatiyā-sattamī-chaṭṭhī, nantu hoti vikappato (rpsd)
      - pañcamī: no, because of “kvaci” (sometimes)
      - in the tatiyā, sattamī, and chaṭṭhī: optional
      - paṭhamā, ālapana, dutiyā, and catuṭṭhī: always
  - bhāsa-ṭ
    - ajjhattaṃ vuṭṭhāti: pañcamī with -aṁ
    - ajjhatto dhammo: paṭhamā without -aṁ
    - conclusion: -aṃ is optional in all 7 cases

2 types acc. to first word

upasaggapubbaka abyayībhāva: first word is an upasagga
nipātapubbaka abyayībhāva: first word is a nipāta

upasaggapubbaka examples

upasaggapubbaka abyayībhāva
- upa-: samīpa (nearness)
  - gaṅgāya samīpaṃ upagaṅgaṃ (near the Ganges)
    - upa + gaṅgā: upagaṅga
      - declined like upanagaraṃ
      - in a neuter noun, long ending vowel (gaṅgā) -> short (gaṅga)
        
        this occurs in many types of samāsa
  - vadhuyā samīpaṃ upavadhu (near the woman / daughter-in-law)
    - non-a-ending abyayībhāva compounds: all case endings are dropped entirely
  - note: upago -> upagu (o is shortened to u)
- ni-: abhāva (absence)
  - darathānaṃ abhāvo niddarathaṃ (absence of burning; absence of worries)
  - makasānaṃ abhāvo nimmakasaṃ (absence of mosquitoes)
- anu-
  - pacchā (after)
    - rathassa pacchā anurathaṃ (after the chariot)
    - vātassa pacchā anuvātaṃ (after the wind)
  - yogga (suitability)
    - rūpassa yoggaṃ anurūpaṃ (suitable to the nature, appropriate)
  - anu with vicchā (sapada)
    - addhamāsaṃ addhamāsaṃ anu anvaddhamāsaṃ (every half a month; at intervals of half a month)
  - anupubba: sequence / order
    - jeṭṭhānaṃ anupubbo anujeṭṭhaṁ (order of seniority)
- pati-
  - pati with vicchā (sapada)
    - attānaṃ attānaṃ pati paccattaṃ (within each individual)
      - dutiyāvibhatti in locative meaning (attani)
  - paṭiloma (opposition)
    - sotassa paṭilomaṁ paṭisotaṁ (against the current)
    - pathassa paṭilomaṁ paṭipathaṁ (against the path)
    - vātassa paṭilomaṁ paṭivātaṁ (against the wind)
- adhi-: adhikicca (based on / concerning)
  - attanaṃ adhikicca pavattaṃ ajjhattaṁ (things that exist based on oneself; internal phenomena)
- ā-: (mariyādā, abhividhi: limit or extent)
  - ā + pāṇakoṭiyā āpāṇakoṭikaṃ (up to the end of life)
    - -ka is added
  - ā + kumārehi yaso ākumāraṁ (fame extending even to young children)
- su-: samiddhi (prosperity)
  - bhikkhāya samiddhi subhikkhaṁ (abundance of alms)

nipātapubbaka examples

nipātapubbaka avyayībhāva
- pāsādassa anto antopāsādaṁ (inside the palace)
- vassassa anto antovassaṁ (within the rainy season)
- nagarassa bahi bahinagaraṁ (outside the city)
- pāsādassa upari uparipāsādaṁ (above the palace)
- mañcassa heṭṭhā heṭṭhāmañcaṁ (under the bed)
- bhattassa pure purebhattaṁ (before the meal)
- bhattassa pacchā pacchābhattaṁ (after the meal)
- gaṅgāya oraṁ oragaṅgaṁ (this side of the ganges; this shore of the ganges)
  - niggahīta is dropped
  - also oregaṅgaṁ by vowel substitution
- kuṭṭassa tiro tirokuṭṭaṁ (behind the wall)
- yattakaṃ / yāva jīvo yāvajīvaṁ (for as long as life lasts)
- yattakaṃ / yāva / yāvatā āyu yāvatāyukaṁ (for as long as the life span lasts)
  - t is inserted (unless yāvatā)
  - -ka is inserted to the samāsa
- sattiyā anurūpaṃ / yathā satti yathāsatti (according to ability)
- kamassa anurūpaṃ / yathā kamo yathākkamaṁ (according to order)
- vuḍḍhānaṃ paṭipāṭi / yathā vuḍḍhā yathāvuḍḍhaṁ (according to seniority, sequence of seniors)
- yāva attho yāvadatthaṁ (as much as needed)
- saha makkhikāhi samakkhikaṁ (together with flies)
  - bhante: seems to be bahubbīhi; if adverb, abyayibhāva
  - saha in abyayībhāva, also changes to sa