saññārāsi (collection of names)

garusaññārāsi (collection of weighty terms) - garusaññārāsi map - vaṇṇo

1. aādayo titālīsa(ṃ) vaṇṇā

atthaṁ vaṇṇenti pakāsentīti vaṇṇā

nakkharanti khayavayaṃ na gacchantīti akkharā

• • • • • saro

          2.dasādo sarā

sayameva laddhasarūpā hutvā rājanti virocentīti sarā

• • • • • savaṇṇo

          3.dve dve savaṇṇā

samāno vaṇṇo suti etesan’ti savaṇṇā

• • • • • rasso

          4.pubbo rasso

rassakālo nāma akkhidalānaṁ ummisananimmisanasamakālo

tattha e., o. iti dve ekapadasaṃyoge pare kvaci labbhanti

ekapadasaṁyoga

ettha

padantara- / nānā-saṁyoga

maṁ ce tvaṁ nikhaṇaṁ vane

• • • • • dīgho

5. paro dīgho

dighakālo nāma rassehi diguṇakālo

• • • • • byañjano

6. kādayo byañjanā

atthaṁ byañjayantīti byañjanā

te pana suddhā addhamattikā, rassayuttā diyaddhamattikā, dīghayuttā tiyaddhamattikā

• • • • • vaggo

7. pañcapañcakā vaggā

vaggā (25)

vagge samūhe niyuttāti vaggā

avaggā (18)

• • • • • niggahītaṃ

8. bindu niggahītaṃ

niggayha gayhati uccāriyatīti niggahītaṃ

• • • • vaṇṇo - saro - savaṇṇo - dīgho - rasso - byañjano - vaggo - niggahītaṃ - 1. aādayo → titālīsa(ṃ) vaṇṇā (exam) #[[pāḷi exam]] - aādayo bindantā tecattālīsakkharā vaṇṇā nāma honti.

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

rāsi masc. ↔ heap; pile; collection

titālīsa ↔ tecattālīsa

bindu ↔ niggahīta

bindantā ↔ ending with niggahīta (bindu)

• • • • • a, ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, ē, o, ō. ka, kha, ga, gha, ṅa, ca, cha, ja, jha, ña, ṭa, ṭha, ḍa, ḍha, ṇa, ta, tha, da, dha, na, pa, pha, ba, bha, ma, ya, ra, la, va, sa, ha, ḷa, aṃ. - atthaṃ vaṇṇenti pakāsentīti ← vaṇṇā, (exam) #[[pāḷi exam]]

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

vaṇṇeti ↔ pr. describes, explains, comments on; 2 praises, extols

pakāsenti is added in this viggahavākya in order to make clear the meaning of vaṇṇenti as to describe, explain, show, as opposed to praise or extol.

• • • • • akkharāti ca vuccanti, nāmapaññattirūpattā (due to the state of being a name of the sound) (letters are names given to sounds) nakkharanti (do not undergo destruction) khayavayaṃ na gacchantīti ← akkharā (exam). “nāmagottaṃ na jīratī”ti hi vuttaṃ. #[[pāḷi exam]]

“rūpaṁ jīrati maccānaṁ nāmagottaṁ na jīrati” the rūpa of mortal decays, names and clans do not decay

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

nakkharanti → do not undergo destruction

akkharā (fem.) [na > a + √khar + ā] ↔ (gram) letter of the alphabet; syllable; morpheme; lit. indestructible

rūpatta (nt.) ↔ fact of being material; fact of having form; lit. matter state; state of sound

• • • • 2.dasādo sarā - Tesu vaṇṇesu ādimhi dasa vaṇṇā sarā nāma honti. Sayameva laddhasarūpā hutvā (having gained their own sound) rājanti virocantīti ← sarā. (exam) #[[pāḷi exam]]

ratti (f.) (loc. sg.) rattiyaṁ, rattiyā, ratyaṁ, ratto ādi (m.) ⇒ (loc. sg.) ādimhi, ādismiṁ, ādo

short version: sayameva (sa) rājantīti (rā) sarā (sa + rā)

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

ādo / ādimhi → in the beginning

sayameva → by themselves

sarūpa → own sound

rājati → pr. shines

virocati [vi + √ruc + *a + ti] ↔ pr. shines brightly; is brilliant; is radiant

• • • • 3.dve dve → savaṇṇā (exam) #[[pāḷi exam]] - Tesu saresu dve dve sarā savaṇṇā nāma honti. - A, ā avaṇṇo, i, ī ivaṇṇo, u, ū uvaṇṇo, e, ē evaṇṇo, o, ō ovaṇṇo. - Samāno vaṇṇo suti etesan’ti ← savaṇṇā (exam), sarūpāti ca vuccanti, samānaṃ rūpaṃ suti etesanti sarūpā #[[pāḷi exam]]

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

dve dve → each pair

vaṇṇo (m.) → sound, phoneme, rūpa, suti

suti (f.) → sound, lit. hearing; rūpa

savaṇṇa / sarūpa → letters with similar sounds (samāno vaṇṇo)

• • • • 4.pubbo rasso - Dvīsu dvīsu savaṇṇesu yo yo pubbo hoti, so so rasso nāma hoti. Rassena kālena vattabbāti rassā, rassakālo nāma akkhidalānaṃ ummisananimmisanasamakālo. (exam) #[[pāḷi exam]]

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

dvīsu dvīsu savaṇṇesu → among each pair

yo yo pubbo → whichever is the previous one

akkhidalaṁ nt. ↔ eyelid

ummisana ↔ opening the eyelids

nimmisana ↔ closing the eyelids

accharā saṅghāta → the snap of fingers

• • • • • Tattha e., o. iti dve ekapadasaṃyoge pare kvaci labbhanti (exam). Eṭṭhi, seṭṭho, oṭṭho, sotthi. Ekapadasaṃyogeti kiṃ? Padantarasaṃyoge pare rassā mā hontūti. Maṃ ce tvaṃ nikhaṇaṃ vane, putto tyāhaṃ mahārāja. Kvacīti kiṃ? Ekapadasaṃyogepi vaggantesu vā ya, ra, la, vesu vā paresu rassā mā hontūti (study). Enti, senti, eyya, bhāseyya, meṇḍo, soṇḍo.

vagganta: ṅ, ñ, ṇ, n, m

2 types of saṁyoga (exam with example) #[[pāḷi exam]]

ekapadasaṁyoga: when the succeeding conjunct is in the same word - such as in ettha

such saṁyoga is pronounced short

padantara- / nānāpada-saṁyoga: when the succeeding conjunct is in the other term - such as in ce tvaṁ (maṁ ce tvaṁ nikhaṇaṁ vane)

such vowel is pronounced long

note:

when can short e and o be found in pāḷi?

when vaggantas or y / r / l / v are succeeding, the vowel is long - such as bhāseyya (controversial)

in kaccāyana if a conjunct succeeds, the e / o are short

acaritvā brahmacariyaṁ aladdhā yobbane dhanaṁ senti cāpā’tikhīṇāva purāṇāni anutthunaṁ

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

kvaci ind. ↔ (gram) in some places; in some contexts; optionally; in several examples

saṁyoge pare → when a conjunct is following

yobbana → youth

• • • • 5. paro dīgho - dvīsu dvīsu savaṇṇesu yo yo paro hoti, so so dīgho nāma hoti. dīghena kālena vattabbāti dīghā, dīghakālo nāma rassehi diguṇakālo. (exam) #[[pāḷi exam]] - 6. kādayo (ka ādayo) byañjanā - tesu vaṇṇesu kādayo bindantā vaṇṇā byañjanā nāma honti. atthaṃ byañjayantīti byañjanā (exam). te pana suddhā (pure, not mixed) addhamattikā (half measure / mora), rassayuttā (combined with short vowels) diyaddhamattikā (SL diyaḍḍha - 1 1/2), dīghayuttā tiyaddhamattikā (2 1/2). #[[pāḷi exam]]

mo·ra (môr′ə)

n. pl. mo·rae (môr′ē) or mo·ras

1. The minimal unit of metrical time in quantitative verse, equal to the short syllable.

2. Linguistics A unit of phonological quantity based on both vowel quantity and the occurrence of consonants within a given syllable.

mattāsaddo (the term mattā) accharāsaṅghāta (snapping) akkhinimīlana (blinking) saṅkhātaṁ (called as) kālaṁ vadati (rūpasiddhi)

ekamatto bhave rasso dvimatto dīghamuccate timatto tu pluto ñeyyo byañjanañcaḍḍhamattikaṁ one mora is short, (a) two long, (ā) three should be known as pluta, (āa) and a consonant is half mora (k) dūravhāne ca gāne ca rodane ca pluto mato pluta should be known in three places, far calling, singing and crying

note:

when a short vowel is at the end of a line of a verse - that is also considered as long

ka = 1 1/2 mora kā = 2 1/2 mora

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

avheti → pakkosati (s.w/ a)

gāne → singing

diyaddhamattikā ↔ 1 1/2 moras

tiyaddhamattikā ↔ 2 1/2 moras

• • • • 7. pañcapañcakā vaggā - tesu byañjanesu kādi-mantā (starting with k and ending with m) pañcabyañjanapañcakā (5 pentads of consonants) vaggā nāma honti. kādi pañcako kavaggo, cādi cavaggo, ṭādi ṭavaggo, tādi tavaggo, pādi pavaggo. sesā avaggāti siddhaṃ (18). vaṇṇuddese ekaṭṭhānikānaṃ byañjanānaṃ vagge samūhe niyuttāti (those which are combined into a group) vaggā

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

avagga ↔ the remaining letters of the alphabet, apart from the vaggakkharas

siddhaṁ ↔ completed, fulfilled

avuttasiddhinaya ↔ method / technique of conveying a meaning indirectly / implicitly

in paṭṭhāna, where paṭisandhi is explained, only the upekkhasantiraṇas are given

somanassasantīraṇa is implied not to produce paṭisandhi

vaṇṇuddesa ↔ alphabet, lit. the place where the letters are shown

niyutta → combined

niyuttataddhita under anekatthataddhita

ekaṭṭhānikabyañjana ↔ consonants that are articulated in a similar place (such as k kh g gh ṅ)

note:

why each letter can be called vagga? they can be called so for being part of the vagga (in the sense of ‘part of the group’)

when the meaning of a term is not clear, grammarians add another term to clarify it (atthaṁ vaṇṇenti pakāsentīti vaṇṇā)

• • • • 8. bindu niggahītaṃ - ante (at the end) bindumatto (mere dot) vaṇṇo niggahītaṃ nāma. niggayha gayhati uccāriyatīti niggahītaṃ (exam). garusaññārāsi niṭṭhito.

in kaccāyana niggahīta is “aṁ” - it is older than moggallāna

niggahita uses the nose, ṅ uses throat + nose (confusing)

buddhaṁ ghana - saṅgha #q🙋🏼‍♂

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

niggayha [ni + √gah + ya] (gah in the sense of pronouncing) → having pressed (gah) (+acc) restraining; holding back; arresting

uccāriyati (uccārita + ti) [ud + √car + *e + ita] uccāriya ↔ pp. raised; lifted up 2 pp. uttered, pronounced (car)

byañjanavuttirāsi

vutti ↔ the explanation of a grammatical sutta

byañjanavuttirāsi map - cha ṭhānāni

kaṇṭhaṭṭhānaṁ

avaṇṇa, kavagga, hakārā kaṇṭhajā nāma

tāluṭṭhānaṁ

ivaṇṇa, cavagga, yakārā tālujā nāma

muddhaṭṭhānaṁ

ṭavagga, ra, ḷakārā muddhajā nāma

dantaṭṭhānaṁ

tavagga, la, sakārā dantajā nāma

oṭṭhaṭṭhānaṁ

uvaṇṇa, pavaggā oṭṭhajā nāma

nāsikaṭṭhānaṁ

niggahītaṃ nāsikajaṃ nāma

3 extra ones:

uraṭṭhānaṃ,

siraṭṭhānaṃ (=muddhaṭṭhānaṁ)

jivhāmūlaṭṭhānaṁ (common to all letters, vadanti)

• • • • • karaṇaṁ catubbidhaṁ

jivhāmajjhaṁ

jivhopaggaṃ

jivhaggaṃ

sakaṭṭhānaṁ

• • • • • payatanaṁ catubbidhaṁ

saṃvuṭaṃ

vivaṭaṃ

phuṭṭhaṃ

īsaṃphuṭṭhaṁ

• • • • ṭhānaṃ, karaṇaṃ, payatanaṃ - cha ṭhānāni - kaṇṭhaṭṭhānaṃ, tāluṭṭhānaṃ, muddhaṭṭhānaṃ, dantaṭṭhānaṃ, oṭṭhaṭṭhānaṃ, nāsikaṭṭhānaṃ. (exam) #[[pāḷi exam]]

jivhāmajjhaṁ is slightly under the tongue

• • • • • upari dantapantiyaṃ (in the row of upper teeth) jivhaggasaṅghaṭṭanena uppannā tavagga, la, sakārā dantajā nāma. #[[pāḷi exam]]

karaṇa: jivhagga

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

panti (f.) → row, line

• • • • • oṭṭhadvaya(pair)saṅghaṭṭanena uppannā uvaṇṇa, pavaggā oṭṭhajā nāma. #[[pāḷi exam]]

karaṇa: sakaṭṭhāna (tbc) #q🙋🏼‍♂

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

dvaya ↔ pair, couple, twofold

• • • • • niggahītaṃ nāsikajaṃ nāma. (exam) #[[pāḷi exam]] - note:

each vagga is pronounced in the order of the ṭhānas

kavagga, a, ā, h: kaṇṭhaja, sakaṭṭhāna

cavagga, i, ī, y: tāluja, jivhāmajjha

ṭavagga, r, ḷ: muddhaja, jivhopaggaṁ

tavagga, l, s: dantaja, jivhaggaṁ

pavagga, u, ū: oṭṭhaja, sakaṭṭhānaṁ

• • • • • pañcavaggantā pana nāsikaṭṭhānepi (the nose as well) sakaṭṭhānepi jāyanti. #[[pāḷi exam]]

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

anunāsika ↔ pañcavaggantā

• • • • • ekāro (e) kaṇṭhatālujo. #[[pāḷi exam]] - okāro (o) kaṇṭhoṭṭhajo. #[[pāḷi exam]] - vakāro (v) dantoṭṭhajo. #[[pāḷi exam]] - apica (furthermore, but) ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā kaṇṭhepi (also on the throat) jāyantiyeva.

they can also be pronounced there

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

apica ↔ sandhi. but just; but only [api + ca] 2sandhi. or; but also [api + ca] ~

• • • • • yadā hakāro vaggantehi vā ya, ra, la, vehi vā yutto hoti, tadā urajoti vadanti. #[[pāḷi exam]]

hakāraṁ pañcameheva antaṭṭhāhi ca saṁyutaṁ orasanti vadantettha kaṇṭhajaṁ tadasaṁyutaṁ (rūpasiddhi) when h is with the 5th letters (vaggantas) combined with antaṭṭhā letters grammarians say that it is born in the chest if not combined with them, it is born in the throat

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

antaṭṭhā (anta + ṭhā) ↔ the letters which stay at the end (y r l v)

orasa [ura + as + *a] [ura + ṇa] ↔ 1 adj. (of a child) natural; legitimate; own; lit. belonging to the breast; 2 adj. self-begotten; intimate; personal; lit. belonging to the breast; something developed in the chest

• • • • • (examples:) pañho, tuṇhi, nhāto, vimhito, gayhate, vulhate, avhānaṃ. - map of payatana

saṁvuṭa

a

vivaṭa

sesasarā (ā, i, ī, u, ū, e, ē, o, ō), s, h

phuṭṭha

pañcavagga

īsamphuṭṭha

y, r, l, v

• • • • • kaṇṭhaṃ saṃvaritvā uccārito (pronounced) akāro (a) saṃvuṭo nāma.

closing the throat

• • • • • sakasakaṭṭhāna (one’s own place) karaṇāni vivaritvā uccāritā sesasarā (except a) ca sa, hakārā ca vivaṭā nāma.

altogether 11 letters

s: teeth and tongue should not be touching

• • • • • tāniyeva (karaṇāni) gāḷhaṃ phusāpetvā uccāritā pañcavaggā phuṭṭhā nāma.

gāḷhaṁ ↔ strong, tight

• • • • • thokaṃ phusāpetvā uccāritā ya, ra, la, vā (y, r, l, v) īsaṃphuṭṭhā nāma.

thokaṁ ↔ little amount, little

it includes ḷ

• • • • • tattha oṭṭhajesu tāva (first) pavaggaṃ vadantānaṃ oṭṭhadvayassa gāḷhaṃ phusanaṃ icchitabbaṃ (should be preferred)

tāva ind. ↔ that much; that far; as long as; to that extent; until; at least 2 ind. until later; for a while 3 ind. firstly; to begin with

• • • • • kasmā? phuṭṭhapayatanikattā pavaggassa (due to the pavagga having the state of having the effort of touching) - uvaṇṇaṃ vadantānaṃ pana oṭṭhadvayassa vivaraṇaṃ icchitabbaṃ. - kasmā? vivaṭapayatanikattā uvaṇṇassa. - esa nayo sesesu sabbesūti. - note:

in SL ‘a’ is the saṁvuta (as in but), vivaṭa is like among

in grammar books there is only one version of ‘a’ and it is saṁvuta (the a in father)

• • • • • cūḷaniruttiyaṃ pana sabbe rassasarā saṃvuṭā nāma, sabbedīghasarā vivaṭā nāmāti vuttaṃ. tathā saddasāratthajāliniyaṃ (name of a book), katthaci sakkaṭaganthe (sanskrit books) ca. idaṃ yuttataraṃ (this is more suitable). aññaṭṭhānikabyañjanehi yuttā sarā (the vowels which are combined with consonants which have other places) attano ṭhāna karaṇāni jahantāpi (abandoning their own place and instrument) payatanaṃ na jahanti (do not abandon their own effort). tasmā nānāvaṇṇānaṃ saṃsagge payatanānaṃ saṃsaggabhedopi veditabboti. therefore the combination of diferent letters to/for/of ? the effort the division of combinations too should be known. #[[pāḷi exam]]

another opinion preferred by niruttidīpanī (cūḷanirutti, saddasāratthajālini and some sanskrit books) short vowels saṁvuta long vowels vivaṭa

when letters are combined and form syllables, some letters can change their ṭhana and karaṇa but not the payatana a single syllable may have multiple payatana

question: explain the two versions and say which is more suitable according to niruttidipani

extra information:

saddanīti says:

in sāsana vohāra phuṭṭha is used for aspirates, while apuṭṭha for inaspirates

• • • • • tattha “suṇātu me”ti vadanto yadi ṇā-kāraṃ jivhaggena dantaṭṭhāne katvā vadeyya, dantajo nā-kāro eva bhaveyya. (here, if the “ṇā” in “suṇātu me” were to be pronounced on the location of the teeth, it would become the dental ‘nā’) (ṇā ⇒ nā) - tu-kārañca jivhopaggena muddhaṭṭhāne katvā vadeyya, muddhajo ṭu-kāro eva bhaveyya. (tu ⇒ ṭu) (if “tu” were pronounced with the area close to the tip of the tongue on the location of the peak, it would become the retroflex “ṭu”) - evañca sati (when this is so) akkharavipatti nāma siyā. esa nayo sesesu muddhajadantajesu. (ṭ, ṭh, ḍ, ḍh, ṇ) tasmā kammavācaṃ sāventehi (by the ones who recite) nāma ṭhāna, karaṇa, payatanesu suṭṭhu kusalehi (skillful) bhavitabbanti.

evaṁ sati (santa) ↔ when it is thus, when this is so

akkharavipatti ↔ defect of the letter

sāventa ↔ prp. making hear, announcing

• • • • • sithilañca, dhanitañca, dīghaṃ, rassaṃ, garuṃ, lahuṃ. niggahītaṃ, vimuttañca, sambandhañca, vavatthitaṃ

sithilādi netti (map)

sithilañca

15 unaspirated (k, g, ṅ…)

dhanitañca

10 aspirated (kh, gh…)

dīghaṃ

ā, ī, ū, ē, ō

rassaṃ

a, i, u, e, o

garuṃ

dīghā

saṁyogapubbā (itt)

niggahītantā (iṁ)

(pādanta)

lahuṃ

sesā

niggahītaṃ

ṁ

vimuttañca

not connected with ṁ

sambandhañca

those connected by sandhi

vavatthitaṃ

those not connected by sandhi

• • • • • mudunā vacīpayogena vattabbā vaggapaṭhama, tatiya, pañcamā sithilā nāma. (the first, third and fifth vagga-letters that should be pronounced with a gentle verbal effort, are called unaspirated)

sithila ↔ unaspirates / unaspirated #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

k g ṅ c j ñ ṭ ḍ ṇ t d n p b m

altogether 15 letters

in pañhā it is not aspirated since they are two letters pronounced separately

• • • • • thaddhena vacīpayogena vattabbā vaggadutiya, catutthā dhanitā nāma.

thaddha ↔ hard #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

dhanita ↔ aspirated / aspirates #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

kh gh ch jh ṭh ḍh th dh ph bh

altogether 10

• • • • • dīgha, rassā pubbe vuttā. (mentioned previously)

when a consonant is combined with them, they are still considered short / long

dighā: ā ī ū ē ō ⇒ kā, kī, kū, kē, kō

rassa: a o i e o ⇒ ka ko ki ke ko

• • • • • dīghā ceva saṃyogapubbā ca niggahītantā ca garukā nāma.

saṁyogapubbā ↔ the letter before a conjunct (cittaṁ)

niggahītantā ↔ the letter before niggahīta (ahaṁ)

garukā letters

dīghā

saṁyogapubbā

niggahītantā

(pādanta [the last syllable of each line])

“vandāmi cetiyaṁ sabbaṁ”

van dā mi ce ti yaṁ sab baṁ

G G L G L G G G

• • • • • sesā lahukā nāma. - yathā saddasahito vāto (air with sound) mukhachiddena (the cavity of the mouth) bahi anikkhamma (without having come out) nāsasotābhimukho hoti (goes towards the nasal path), tathā mukhaṃ avivaṭaṃ katvā (having made the mouth not opened [by closing the throat]) vattabbaṃ byañjanaṃ niggahītaṃ nāma.

the air with sound heading towards the nasal path without having come out from the cavity of the mouth. Likewise, by not opening the mouth (by closing the throat), the consonant called niggahīta should be pronounced.

• • • • • tena yuttāni sabbabyañjanāni niggahītantāni nāma. sesā vimuttā nāma.

all consonants attached to the niggahīta are called niggahītanta. The remaining are vimutta (free [from niggahīta])

• • • • • padasandhivasena (when words are combined) vattabbaṃ sambandhaṃ nāma (it is called sambandha). padacchedaṃ katvā vattabbaṃ vavatthitaṃ nāma

When words are combined with an euphonic combination they are called sambandha. Those that should be pronounced by splitting the word are called vavatthita.

sambandha ↔ sandhi (yassāyasmato)

vavatthitaṁ [vi + ava + √ṭhā + *e + ita] ↔ no sandhi; pp. analysed; categorised; defined

lahusaññārāsi (collection of light terms - terms used as a short version of something else)

• jho, lo, po, gho, go. ← 5 lahusaññā - jha, la is the short for pa is the short for gha is the short for ga is the short for - 9. yuvaṇṇā (i-u-vaṇṇā) jhalā nāmassante. (nāmassa ante) - anitthiliṅgassa nāmassa ante ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā kamena (in order) jhalasaññā honti.

ivaṇṇa is named as jha uvaṇṇa as la at the end of stems that are not feminine (not after the nāmavibhatti is added)

kamena here shows that ivaṇṇa is called jha and uvaṇṇa la

vocab: #[[pāḷi vocab (2nd year)]]

kama masc. [√kam + a] → order; sequence; succession; way

• • • • 10. pitthiyaṃ. (pa itthiyaṁ) - itthiliṅge nāmassante ivaṇṇuvaṇṇā pasaññā honti. - 11. ghā (gho, ā) - gho ā iti dvipadaṃ. itthiliṅge ā-kāro (in ā) ghasañño hoti. - 12. go syālapane. (go si-ālapane) - ālapane si gasañño hoti.

the nāmavibhattis learned so far are ādesa for the real case endings

14 original nāma vibhattis

pat. si / yo

(āla. si / yo)

this ‘si’ is called ga (lahusaññā) in niruttidīpaṇī

dut. aṁ / yo

tat. nā / hi

cat./cha. sa / naṁ

pañ. smā / hi

sat. smiṁ / su

bhavanta ⇒ ava ⇒ o ⇒ bho

• • • • lahusaññārāsi niṭṭhito.

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