Teacher: Bhante Vijitānanda (IIT) Summary by Brazil Ariyañāṇa Bhikkhu

Nāmagaṇa

Gacchantādigaṇa

Definition, Gender, and Key Feature

• Definition: The Gacchantādi Group consists of stems ending in “a” (akāranta), formed by adding the suffix anta to verb roots (e.g., gacchanta = “one who is going”).
• Gender: Declines in masculine and neuter forms, with distinct patterns.
• Key Feature: Similar to the guṇavādi group, except for the nominative singular form in masculine declension (gacchaṃ with niggahīta ending).

Masculine

• Masculine Declension – Gacchanta

  	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	gacchaṁ, gacchanto	(gacchaṁ) gacchanto, gacchantā
  āl.	(bho) gacchaṁ, gaccha, gacchā	(bhonto) "
  du.	gacchaṁ, gacchantaṁ	gacchante
  ta.	gacchatā, gacchantena	gacchantehi/bhi
  ca./ch.	gacchato, gacchassa, gacchantassa	gacchataṁ, gacchantānaṁ
  pañ.	gacchatā, gacchantasmā/mhā, gacchantā	gacchantehi/ebhi
  sa.	gacchati, gacchantasmiṁ/mhi, gacchante	gacchantesu

  • st, gacchaṁ can be used in the plural, just like guṇavaṁ

  • from āl. onwards, like guṇavantu

  • Word Formation

    	ekv.
    pa.	anta + si > aṁ

    (the remaining as guṇavantu)

• Irregular Nouns

  • mahanta, brahanta, arahanta: pa. ekv. -ā
  • santa: ta./pañ. bhv. sabbhi
  • karonta:
    • pa. ekv.: karaṁ
    • āl. ekv.: karonta, karontā
  • bhavanta:
    • pa. ekv.: bhavaṁ (only)
    • āl. ekv.: + bhante
    • bhonta
  • bhonta: pa. ekv.: bhavaṁ

  • Note: (more details below)

  • Irregular – Mahanta, Brahanta, Arahanta

    • pa. ek.: + mahā, brahā (no brahaṁ), arahā
    • mahā:
      • sometimes, treated as nipāta
      • in samāsas, is an ādesa for mahanta

  • Irregular – Santa

    • ta./pañ. bhv.: + sabbhi

  • Irregular – Karonta

    • pa. ekv.: karaṁ
    • āl. ekv.: karonta, karontā

  • Irregular – Bhavanta

    • Bhavanta (one who is existing, sir, noble one)
      • gacchantādigaṇa
      • pa. ek.: bhavaṁ (only)
        • if with prefix, bhavanta: anubhavanto
      • āl. ek.: bho, bhante (kcyn) (both nipātas)
      • in other cases, bhavanta is replaced by bhonta (:q: both bhavanta and bhonta or just bhonta?)
      • bhoti (f. acc. to sdnt)

    • Bhavanta vs. Bhaddanta / Bhadanta

      • Bhaddanta / Bhadanta
        • purisādigaṇa
        • āl.: bhaddante, bhadante, bhante (rpsd)
          • rpsd: a -> e
          • comm.: they are nipātas from bhaddaṁ te (may good come to you)

    • 3 opinions on bhante

      • nipāta: bhaddaṁ te
      • āl. ekv. of bhavanta
      • āl. ekv. of bhaddanta / bhadanta

  • Irregular – Bhonta

    bhonta	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.	bhavaṁ	bhonto, bhontā
    āl.	bhonta, bhontā	"
    du.	bhontaṁ	bhonte
    ta.	bhotā, bhontena	bhontehi/bhi
    ca./ch.	bhoto, bhontassa	bhotaṁ, bhontānaṁ
    pa.	bhotā, bhontasmā/mhā, bhontā	bhontehi/bhi
    sat.	bhoti, bhontasmiṁ/mhi, bhonte	bhontesu

    • Notes:
      • no āl. ekv. -aṁ
      • no du. ekv. -ntaṁ
      • (:q: what does bhonta mean?)

• Peculiarities of Gacchantādi

  peculiarity	gacchanta	karonta	bhaddanta
  āl. ekv. -aṁ	yes	no	no, bhante

  (:q: improve table)

Neuter Declension – Gacchanta

	ekv.	bhv.
pa.	gacchaṃ, gacchantaṃ	gacchantā, gacchanti, gacchantāni
āl.	(bho) gacchaṃ, gaccha, gacchā	(bhavantāni) "
du.	gacchaṃ, gacchantaṃ	gacchante, gacchanti, gacchantāni

Note: the remaining as masculine

Other Gacchantādi Nouns

(:q: add the others from PDF)

• kubbaṃ

  doing

• japaṃ

  reciting

• vajaṃ

  going

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Satthādigaṇa

Overview

• Definition: The Satthādi Group includes ukāranta (u-ending) stems like satthu (teacher), formed by adding the suffix tu to verbal roots.
• Declension Types: Two declension charts exist based on gender: masculine and feminine.
• Purpose: These stems denote agents or doers of actions (e.g., teacher, doer, giver).

Masculine Declension – Satthu

satthu	ekv.	bhv.
pa.	satthā	satthāro
āl.	sattha, satthā (,satthāra (nrtpdn))	satthāro
du.	satthāraṁ	satthāro, satthāre
ta./pa.	satthunā, satthārā	satthārehi/bhi, satthūhi/bhi
ca./ch.	satthu, satthuno, satthussa	satthārānaṁ, satthānaṁ, satthūnaṁ
sat.	satthari	satthāresu, satthūsu

• Note:
  • “ar” forms first, then, “u” forms.
  • nouns that are made by adding -tu to a root are declined as here (dātu, kattu, vattu, bhottu)
  • na and no, but no ni

• Word Formation

  satthu + o.v.	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	usi > ā = satthā	u > āra, yo > o = satthāro
  āl.	u > a/ā si = sattha/ā
  	u > āra = satthāra (nrtdpn)
  du.	u > āra, nā > ā = satthārā	u > āra, yo > e/o = satthāre/o
  ta.
  ca.	sa = satthu	u > ā + naṁ = satthānaṁ
  pa.	u > āra, smā > ā/nā = satthārā/satthunā
  sa.	u > āra > ara, smiṁ > i = satthari

  • Notes:
    • 1. ltupitādīnāmā simhi.
    • 1. ārāṅsmā.
    • 1. ge a ca.
    • 1. ṭo ṭe vā.
    • 1. ṭā nāsmānaṃ.
    • 1. lopo.
    • 1. ā.
    • 1. ṭi smiṃ no.
    • 1. rassāraṅ.
    • “āra” substitution may occur in all vibhattis except -si/sa (183. ltupitādīnamase).
    • -nā is as in kamma.

• Special Cases for Satthādi – āra, gender, -e, suffix

  • -āra
    • “āra” substitution:
      • With suffix -to: “satthārato satthāraṃ gacchanti” (“They go from one teacher to another.”).
      • In compounds: “satthāradassanaṃ” (“Seeing the teacher.”).
    • -āra > ara:
      • pitu, bhātu, jāmātu (son-in-law)
  • singular in plural contexts:
    • Like guṇavādi and gacchantādi, the singular form satthā can appear in plural contexts.
      • “avitakkitā maccumupabbajjanti” (“Those who do not engage in reasoning approach death.”).
        • Note: avitakkitā is not a satthādi word (formed with taddhita suffix –ita), and Moggallānanissaya rejects this example (Rūpasiddhibhāsāṭīkā 1, 208).
  • -e substitution:
    • āl. ekv.:
      • kattu and khattu (minister)
        • “uṭṭhehi katte taramāno, gantvā vessantaraṃ vada” (“Rise, O minister! Go quickly and speak to Vessantara.”).
        • “natthi hi bho khatte paraloko” (“Indeed, O minister, there is no afterlife.”).
    • sa. of nettu (leader): smiṁ > e = nette
      • sabbā gāvī ujuṃ yanti, nette ujuṃ gate sati (“All the cows go straight when the leader ox walks straight.”).
  • elision of suffix
    • kcyn: Sakamandhātā and Mahāmandhātā:
      • ca./ch. ekv.: suffixes elided: sakamandhātu and Mahāmandhātu

  • Cases in which āl. ekv. -e substitution occurs

    • Kaññādi group: e.g., bhoti kaññe.
    • Brahmādi stems:
      • brahmā: brahme
      • sakha (companion): sakhe
      • isi (seer): ise
      • muni (sage): mune
      • kattu/khattu: katte, khatte

    mem aid: A virgin named “E” sees brahma, who gives her a companion (sakha), they see 2 mons (isi, muni) coming followed by ministers (kattu, khattu).

• Gender in Satthādi Words

  • Masculine but can take feminine or neuter meanings without changing declension patterns.
    • kattā itthī: “a woman who performs” (feminine).
    • kattā puriso: “a man who performs” (masculine).
    • kattā kulaṃ: “a family that performs” (neuter).

• Irregular – Pitu

  pitu	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	pitā	pitaro
  āl.	pita, pitā	pitaro
  du.	pitaraṁ (, pituṁ (nrtdpn))	pitaro, pitare
  ta./pa.	pitunā, pitarā (, petyā)	pitarehi/bhi, pitūhi/bhi
  ca./ch.	pitu, pituno, pitussa	pitarānaṁ, pitānaṁ, pitūnaṁ (, pitunnaṁ (mgln))
  sat.	pitari (pitusmiṁ/mhi)	pitaresu, pitūsu

  • Notes:
    • short “a”
    • nrtdpn:
      • pituṃ
      • petyā (in verses)
    • mgln:
      • pitunnaṃ
      • pitusmiṃ, pitumhi

Feminine Declension – Mātu

mātu	ekv.	bhv.
pa.	mātā	mātaro
āl.	māta, mātā	mātaro
du.	mātaraṁ (, mātuṁ (nrtdpn))	mātaro, mātare
ta./pa.	mātuyā, mātyā, mātarā	mātarehi/bhi, mātūhi/bhi
ca./ch.	mātu, mātuyā, mātyā, mātussa	mātarānaṁ, mātānaṁ, mātūnaṁ
sat.	mātuyā, mātyā, mātuyaṁ, mātyaṁ, mātari	mātaresu, mātūsu

• Irregular – Dhītu, duhitu (daughter)

  • like mātu but without short forms like -tyā, -tyaṁ
  • du. ekv. dhītaṁ: “jāliṃ kaṇhājinaṃ dhītaṃ” (Vessantara Jātaka).
  • In Samāsa:
    • -āra substitution in compounds: asakyadhītarā (daughter of the Sakyas).
    • with feminine suffix -ā, declined as kaññā:
      • nandamātā (Nanda’s mother)
      • devadhītā (daughter of a god)

Other Nouns

• bhattā (husband),
• vattā (speaker),
• netā (leader),
• sotā (hearer),
• ñātā (knower),
• jetā (conqueror),
• chettā (cutter),
• bhettā (breaker),
• dātā (giver),
• dhātā (creator, Brahmā),
• nattā (grandson),
• panattā (great grandson),
• boddhā (one who understands),
• viññāpetā (informer),
• kattā (doer),
• gantā (goer),
• uṭṭhātā (striver),
• tāretā (rescuer),
• mocetā (liberator),
• Sakamandhātā (king),
• Mahāmandhātā (king),
• pitā (father),
• bhātā (brother),
• jāmātā (son-in-law)

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Rattādigaṇa (add peculiarities section)

Definition

• Definition: The Rattādi Group includes nouns starting with ratti (night), comprising stems of all three genders: feminine, masculine, and neuter.

Classification of Stems

• Masculine Stems:
  • ā-ending (e.g., sā)
  • i-ending (e.g., aggi)
  • ī-ending (e.g., daṇḍī)
  • u-ending (e.g., bhikkhu)
  • ū-ending (e.g., sayambhū)
  • o-ending (e.g., go)
    • nrtdpn: both m. & f.
• Neuter Stems:
  • i-ending (e.g., aṭṭhi)
  • ī-ending (e.g., sukhakārī)
  • u-ending (e.g., cakkhu)
  • ū-ending (e.g., gotrabhū)
• Feminine Stems:
  • i-ending (e.g., ratti)
  • ī-ending (e.g., itthī)
  • u-ending (e.g., yāgu)
  • ū-ending (e.g., vadhū)

Masculine

• ākaranta Declension – Sā

  sā	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	sā	sā, sāno
  āl.	(he) sa, sā	"
  du.	sānaṁ	sāne
  ta./pa.	sānā	sānehi/bhi
  ca./ch.	sāssa	sānaṁ
  sa.	sāne	sānesu

  • Notes:
    • sā as āl. ekv.
    • he is a more informal address
    • rūpasiddhi gives a different declension and says that paccakkhadhammā and gāṇḍīvadhanvā are declined as this
    • m. ā-ending nouns are rare

  • Word Formation

    sā	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.		+yo > sa+ā/no > sā/sāno
    āl.	+si > sa/sā
    du.	> sāna+aṁ > sānaṁ	+yo > e > sāne
    ta.	+nā > sānā
    ca.	+sa > sāssa	+naṁ > sānaṁ
    pa.	+smā > ā > sānā
    ch.
    sa.	+smiṁ > e > sāne	+su > sānesu

  • Other Nouns

    • also appear as a-ending purisādi
      • daḷhadhammā: Archer with a strong bow
        • Seyyathāpi, Sāriputta, daḷhadhammā dhanuggaho sikkhito katahattho/ (“A skilled archer…”).
      • vivaṭṭacchadā: one who removed defilements
    • paccakkhadhammā: one who realized dhamma
    • gāṇḍīvadhanvā: Arjuna with Gāṇḍīva bow
    • vattahā: living being
    • vuttasirā: one with shaved hair
    • rahā: evil nature

• ikaranta Declension – Aggi

  aggi	ekv.	bhv.
  pa./āl.	aggi	aggī, aggayo
  du.	aggiṁ	"
  ta.	agginā	aggīhi/bhi, aggihi/bhi
  ca./ch.	aggino, aggissa	aggīnaṁ, agginaṁ
  pa.	agginā, aggismā/mhā	aggīhi/bhi, aggihi/bhi
  sa.	aggismiṁ/mhi	aggīsu, aggisu

  • Notes:
    • muni has extra muninaṁ (with -aṁ) and munino (with -yo)
      • also āl. ekv. mune
    • aggini, gini: fire
      • sdnt, nrtdpn: decline like aggi
      • mgln: aggini forms by replacing si with ni (sutta: sissaggito ni)

  • Irregular – Muni

    muni	ekv.	bhv.
    pa./āl.	muni	munī, munayo, munino
    du.	muniṁ, muninaṁ, mune (tbc)	"
    ta.	muninā	munīhi/bhi, munihi/bhi
    ca./ch.	munino, munissa	munīnaṁ, muninaṁ
    pa.	muninā, munismā/mhā	munīhi/bhi, munihi/bhi
    sa.	munismiṁ/mhi	munīsu, munisu

  • Other Nouns

    • vatthi

      bladder

    • odhi

      boundary

    • sāti

      star Arcturus

    • dhani

      sound

    • masi

      charcoal dust

    • hari

      Viṣṇu

    • timi

      whale

    • kali

      sin

    • urudhiti

      great courage

    • varamati

      excellent wisdom

    • Others

      • joti: radiance
      • pāṇi: hand
      • gaṇṭhi: knot
      • muṭṭhi: fist
      • kucchi: womb
      • sāli: rice
      • vīhi: paddy
      • vyādhi: disease
      • bodhi: bodhi tree
      • sandhi: joint
      • rāsi: heap
      • Kesi: proper name
      • dīpi: leopard
      • isi: seer
      • muni: sage
      • maṇi: gem
      • giri: mountain
      • ravi: sun
      • kavi: poet
      • kapi: monkey
      • asi: sword
      • nidhi: treasure
      • vidhi: method
      • ahi: snake
      • kimi: worm
      • pati: lord
      • ari: enemy
      • bali: offering
      • jalanidhi: ocean
      • gahapati: householder
      • nirupadhi: without defilements

      • adhipati: overlord

      • 8.2.2.2. Word Formation

        • Nominative/Accusative Plural (aggayo):
          • yo vibhatti substitutes final i with a (aggi + yo > aggayo) (166. yosu jhissa pume).
          • Unique to masculine i-ending nouns, not feminine (ratti) or neuter (aṭṭhi).
        • Instrumental/Ablative (agginā):
          • smā vibhatti is replaced by nā (aggi + smā > agginā), as explained under kammunā in Cittādi group.
          • Applies to non-feminine i and u-ending stems: daṇḍinā, bhikkhunā, sabbaññunā (not in guṇavādi due to unique substitutions).

      • 8.2.2.3. Stems with Irregular Forms

        • Yo/Naṃ Substitution:
          • Stems like muni replace yo with no and aṃ with naṃ:
            • Nominative/Accusative Plural: munī, munayo, munino; muniṃ, muninaṃ.
            • Other nouns: setṭhi (wealthy man), pati (lord), adhipati (lord), senāpati (general), atithi (guest), sārathi (charioteer), mahesi (great sage).
            • Forms: setṭhino, setṭhinaṃ, patino, patinaṃ, etc.
          • In Compounds:
            • sāramati + yo > sāramatino (“Asāre sāramatino…” – “Those who perceive essence…”).
            • dhammānuvatti + yo > dhammānuvattino (“Ye ca kho sammadaññāte…” – “Those who live in accordance with Dhamma…”).
            • sugati + yo > sugatino (“Saggaṃ sugatino yanti” – “Those of good nature go to heaven.”).
        • Vocative Singular (e Substitution):
          • Stems isi, muni take e replacement: *isi > (bho) isi, ise; muni

            (bho) muni, mune*.

          • Also seen in satthādi group for brahmā, sakha, kattu, khattu (brahme, sakhe, katte, khatte).
        • Locative Singular (o Substitution):
          • For stem ādi, smiṃ > o forms ādo (ādismiṃ, ādimhi, ādo; ādīsu, ādisu).
          • Three words with o substitution: ratto (ratti), ādo (rattādi), raho (manogaṇa).
        • Rare Substitution (ne for smiṃ):
          • ariyavutti + smiṃ > ariyavuttine (“kataññumhi ca posaṃhi, sīlavante ariyavuttine” – “Toward a man who is grateful, virtuous, and of noble conduct.”).

• īkaranta Declension – Daṇḍī

  daṇḍī	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	daṇḍī	daṇḍī, daṇḍino
  āl.	daṇḍi	"
  du.	daṇḍiṁ, daṇḍinaṁ	"
  ta./pa.	daṇḍinā	daṇḍīhi/bhi
  ca./ch.	daṇḍino, daṇḍissa	daṇḍīnaṁ
  sa.	daṇḍini, daṇḍismiṁ/mhi	daṇḍīsu

  • notes:
    • no smā/mhā but there is smiṁ/mhi

  • Other Nouns

    dhammī (possessing Dhamma), saṅghī (possessing a group), ñāṇī (with wisdom), hatthī (elephant), cakkī (with a wheel), pakkhī (bird),

    dāṭhī (with tusks),

    raṭṭhī (with a country), chattī (with a parasol), mālī (garland-bearer), cammī (armored), yogī (ascetic), bhāgī (with a share), bhogī (enjoyer/Nāga), kāmī (with sensual desire), sāmī (master), dhajī (with a banner), gaṇī (with a group),

    sasī (moon),

    kuṭṭhī (leper), jaṭī (with matted hair), yānī (with a vehicle), sukhī (happy),

    sikhī (peacock),

    dantī (with teeth), mantī (minister), karī (elephant), cāgī (generous), kusalī (with merits), musalī (with a pestle), balī (powerful), pāpakārī (doer of evil), sattughātī (destroyer of enemies),

    mallakārī (wrestler),

    dīghajīvī (long-lived), dhammavādī (speaker of Dhamma), sīhanādī (roars like a lion), bhūmisāyī (sleeps on the ground), sīghayāyī (fast mover),

    gāmaṇī (village chief),

    senānī (commander),

    sudhī (with good intelligence).

    • 8.2.3.2. Word Formation

      • Vowel Shortening: The final ī shortens in vocative singular (daṇḍi), accusative singular (daṇḍiṃ), and before certain vibhattis, similar to itthī (itthiṃ) (Rule: parasaralopa for accusative).
      • Nominative/Accusative Plural (daṇḍino): Yo vibhatti replaced by no (173. Yonaṃ none pume), forming daṇḍino.
      • Accusative Singular (daṇḍinaṃ): Aṃ vibhatti replaced by naṃ (174. Naṃ jhīto), forming daṇḍinaṃ.
      • Locative Singular (daṇḍini): Smiṃ vibhatti replaced by ni (176. Smiṃno ni), similar to Cittādi group (kammani). Exceptions: gāmaṇī, senānī, sudhī do not take ni substitution.
      • Instrumental/Ablative (daṇḍinā): Smā replaced by nā (166. yosu jhissa pume), as in agginā.
      • Comparison: From instrumental onward, daṇḍī follows aggi (i-ending masculine) patterns, adjusted for ī.

    • 8.2.3.3. Irregular Forms

      • Yo to A Substitution: Rarely, ī before yo becomes a, e.g., brahmacārī + yo > brahmacārayo (Vinaya Mahāvagga: yasmiṃ padese kappeti… brahmacārayo).
      • Ne Substitution: Rare replacements include:
        • Accusative Plural: assamaṇe (stem samaṇamāṇī), samaṇamānine.
        • Locative Singular: arahantamhi tādine (stem tādī).
      • Nesu for Su: Rare locative plural substitution, e.g., verī + su > verinesu (Susukhaṃ vata jīvāma verinesu averino).

• ukaranta Declension – Bhikkhu

  bhikkhu	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	bhikkhu	bhikkhū, bhikkhavo
  āl.	"	", bhikkhave
  du.	bhikkhuṁ	"
  ta.	bhikkhunā	bhikkhūhi/bhi, bhikkhuhi/bhi
  ca./ch.	bhikkhuno, bhikkhussa	bhikkhūnaṁ, bhikkhunaṁ
  pa.	bhikkhunā, bhikkhusmā/mhā	bhikkhūhi/bhi, bhikkhuhi/bhi
  sat.	bhikkhusmiṁ/mhi	bhikkhūsu, bhikkhusu

  • notes:
    • hetu has nom./voc./acc.pl. hetuyo
    • jantu has nom./voc./acc.pl. jantuno, jantuyo

  • Word Formation

    bhikkhu + o.v.	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.		u > a, yo > vo = bhikkhavo
    āl.		yo > ve = bhikkhave
    du.
    ta.	smā > nā = bhikkhunā

  • Irregular – Hetu, Jantu, Kuru

    extra forms with -yo	ekv.	bhv.
    -ayo, -uyo	hetu	hetayo, hetuyo
    -ayo, -uvo, -uno	jantu	jantayo, jantuvo, jantuno
    "	kuru	kurayo, kuruvo, kuruno

    • notes:

      • the remanining as bhikkhu
      • Aṃ to Naṃ: Rare accusative singular substitution, e.g.,

      ādiccabandhu + aṃ > ādiccabandhunaṃ (buddhaṃ ādiccabandhunaṃ).

  • Other Nouns

    setu (bridge), ketu (flag),

    • bhānu (sun)

    , Rāhu (asura),

    • saṅku (spike)

    , ucchu (sugarcane), velu (bamboo), maccu (death), madhu (honey),

    sindhu (ocean),

    bandhu (relative), neru/Meru (Mount Meru), sattu (enemy),

    kāru (artisan),

    hetu (cause), jantu (creature), Kuru (Kuru inhabitant),

    rūru (deer named Ruru),

    paṭu (skilled).

• ūkaranta Declension – Sayambhū

  sayambhū	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	sayambhū	sayambhū, sayambhuvo
  āl.	sayambhu	"
  du.	sayambhuṁ	"
  ta.	sayambhunā	sayambhūhi/bhi
  ca./ch.	sayambhuno, sayambhussa	sayambhūnaṁ
  pa.	", sayambhusmā/mhā	sayambhūhi/bhi
  sat.	sayambhusmiṁ/mhi	sayambhūsu

  • Notes:
    • rattādigaṇa has no long ālapana
    • nā and no but no ni
    • sabbaññū, viññū, vadaññū, atthaññū, dhammaññū, mattaññū, vidū, vedagū, pāragū, cittasahabhū is the same but with -uno instead of -uvo. (194. Kūto)
      • “Sabbaññūno ca dullabhā loke” (Suttanipātaṭṭhakathā)
      • “Ariyaddasā vedaguno” (Itivuttakapāḷi)

  • Irregular – Sabbaññū

    sabbaññū	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.	sabbaññū	sabbaññū, sabbaññuno
    āl.	sabbaññu	"
    du.	sabbaññuṁ	"
    ta./pa.	sabbaññunā	sabbaññūhi/bhi
    ca./ch.	sabbaññuno, sabbaññussa	sabbaññūnaṁ
    sat.	sabbaññusmiṁ/mhi	sabbaññūsu

    • Notes:
      • like sayambhū but with -uno instead of -uvo
      • also applies to
        • -ññū: viññū, vadaññū, atthaññū, dhammaññū, mattaññū
        • -ū: vidū, vedagū, pāragū, cittasahabhū

    • Other Nouns

      • Vessabhū (Vessabhū Buddha), gotrabhū (one who destroys lineage),
      • Vattabhū (Sakka),
      • sabbābhibhū (overcomes all),
      • adhibhū (overlord),
      • parābhibhū (subdues others),
      • pabhū (sovereign),
      • vibhū (master),
      • sabbaññū (omniscient),
      • maggaññū (path-knower),
      • dhammaññū (Dhamma-knower),
      • atthaññū (meaning-knower),
      • kālaññū (time-knower),
      • rattaññū (experienced),
      • mattaññū (measure-knower),
      • kataññū (grateful),
      • viññū (understanding),
      • vidū (knower),
      • vedagū (knowledge shore),
      • pāragū (far shore).

• okaranta Declension – Go

  go	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	go	gāvo, gavo
  āl.	(he) "	(bhonto) "
  du.	gāvaṁ, gavaṁ, gāvuṁ	"
  ta.	gāvena, gavena	gohi/bhi
  ca./ch.	gāvassa, gavassa	gavaṁ, gunnaṁ, gonaṁ
  pa.	gāvasmā/mhā, gāvā, gavasmā/mhā, gavā	gohi/bhi
  sa.	gāvasmiṁ/mhi, gāve, gavasmiṁ/mhi, gave	gāvesu, gavesu, gosu

  • notes:
    • o -> āva / ava

  • Word Formation

    go + o.v.	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.		go > gāva / gava, yo > o = gāvo / gavo
    āl.	go > gāvu + aṁ = gāvuṁ
    du.
    ta./pa.
    ca./ch.		gavaṁ, gunnaṁ

    • Notes:
      • 1. gossāgasihinaṁsugāvagavā
      • 1. ubhagohi ṭo
      • 1. gāvumhi
      • 1. gunnañca naṁnā

  • Gender of Go

    • rpsd: masculine
    • nrtdpn: feminine due to gāvī (cow, feminine derivative)
    • Context determines gender:
      • Feminine: “Gavā khīraṃ” (“From cows, milk”). (:q: wouldn’t it be gavāya?)
      • Masculine: “Gāvuṃ vā te dammi” (“I give you a bull”).
      • Mixed: “Tā gāvo majjhe gaṅgāya” (“Those cattle in the Ganges,” feminine due to tā).
    • Compounds: As a compound-final, go declines as purisādi – e.g., puṅgavo
      • “Ujuṃ gacchati puṅgavo” (“The lead ox walks straight”)

Neuter

• ikaranta Declension – Aṭṭhi

  aṭṭhi	ekv.	bhv.
  pa./āl.	aṭṭhi	aṭṭhī, aṭṭhīni
  du.	aṭṭhiṁ	"
  ta.	aṭṭhinā	aṭṭhīhi/bhi, aṭṭhihi/bhi

  • Notes:
    • from ta. onwards, like aggi

  • Other Nouns

    • akkhi (eye),
    • acchi (eye),
    • vāri (water),
    • acci (flame),
    • dadhi (curd).
    • sappi (ghee),
    • satthi (thigh),

• īkaranta Declension – Sukhakārī

  sukhakārī	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	sukhakāri	sukhakārī, sukhakārīni
  āl.	sukhakāri	"
  du.	sukhakāriṁ, sukhakārinaṁ	"

  • Notes:
    • Like daṇḍī but with -īni
    • pa./āl. ekv.

  • Gender of Sukhakārī

    • Depends on what it modifies:
      • When modifying neuter nouns, neuter: dānaṃ, cittaṃ, kulaṃ.
      • When modifying masculine nouns, masculine: sukhakārī puriso.

  • Other Nouns

    sīghayāyī (quickly moving mind) sukhī (happy family)

• ukaranta Declension – Cakkhu

  cakkhu	ekv.	bhv.
  pa./āl.	cakkhu	cakkhū, cakkhūni
  du.	cakkhuṁ	"
  ta.	cakkhunā	cakkhūhi/bhi, cakkhuni/bhi
  ca./ch.	cakkhuno, cakkhussa	cakkhūnaṁ, cakkhunaṁ
  pa.	cakkhunā, cakkhusmā/mhā	cakkhūhi/bhi, cakkhuni/bhi
  sa.	cakkhusmiṁ/mhi	cakkhūsu, cakkhusu

  • Notes:
    • from ta. onwards, like bhikkhu
    • Irregular Nouns:
      • ambu, paṃsu: sa. ekv. may use ni – ambuni, paṃsuni (202. ambādīhi).
      • āyu: Occasionally follows manogaṇa

  • Other Nouns

    • Irregular:
      • ambu (water),
      • paṃsu (dust),
      • āyu (lifespan),
    • vasu (wealth),
    • assu (tear),
    • dhanu (bow),
    • dāru (wood),
    • vatthu (thing/land),
    • tipu (tin/lead),
    • jatu (lac).

  • Irregular – Ambu, Paṁsu, āyu

    • ambu, paṃsu: sa. ekv. may use ni – ambuni, paṃsuni (202. ambādīhi).
    • āyu: Occasionally follows manogaṇa

• ūkaranta Declension – Gotrabhū

  gotrabhū	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	gotrabhu	gotrabhū, gotrabhūni
  āl.	gotrabhu	"
  du.	gotrabhuṁ	"
  ta.	gotrabhunā	gotrabhūhi/bhi
  ca.
  pa.
  ch.
  sa.

  • notes:
    • short pa. ekv.
    • from ta. onwards, like sayambhū

Feminine

• ikaranta Declension – Ratti

  ratti	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	ratti	rattī, rattiyo, ratyo
  āl.	ratti (, rattī (mgln))	"
  du.	rattiṁ (, rattiyaṁ, rattinaṁ (nrtdpn))	"
  ta.	rattiyā, ratyā	rattīhi/bhi, rattihi/bhi
  ca.	"	rattīnaṁ, rattinaṁ
  sat.	", rattiyaṁ, ratyaṁ, ratto	rattīsu, rattisu

  • Notes:
    • rassasarantas of rattādigaṇa have both long and short forms in bhv.
    • ‘rattiyaṁ’ from: “bujjhassu jinabodhiyaṃ”
    • ‘rattinaṁ’ from: “yāvanto purisassatthaṃ, guyhaṃ jānanti mantinaṃ.”
    • ratto is exclusive to ratti
    • mgln: āl. ekv. short vowels may lengthen (rattī) (93. ayunaṃ vā dīgho).
    • pa. ekv. rattiya probably a typo

  • Word Formation and Grammatical Rules

    ratti + o.v.	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.	si = ratti	yo = rattiyo
    		yo i > ī = rattī
    		i + yo > rattyo = ratyo
    āl.	i > ī = rattī (mgln)
    du.	+ aṁ = rattiṁ
    ta.	o.v. > yā = rattiyā	i>ī = rattīhi; i in gāthā
    ca.	"	i>ī = rattīnaṁ; i in gāthā
    pa.	"	"
    ch.	"	"
    sa.	"	"
    	smiṁ > yaṁ = rattiyaṁ
    	smiṁ > o = ratto

    • Notes:
      • In the absence of specific substitution for si, it is dropped (also seen in kaññādi group for kaññā).
        • This rule applies throughout the Rattādi Group and is not repeated for other stems.
      • When yo is dropped in pa. bhv., the final vowel lengthens; applies to other stems: yāgu, aggi, bhikkhu
      • ratyo: formed with saṃyogādi lopasandhi
        • in verse: f. i-/ī-ending stems may drop final vowel when followed by y (part of vibhatti or ādesa for vibhatti)
          • Vibhatti: ratti + yo > rattyo > ratyo
          • Ādesa: ratti + yā > rattyā > ratyā (for nā vibhatti).
      • rattiṃ: formed by parasaralopa
      • ratto: Unique to ratti (91. yolopanīsu dīgho).
        • divā ca ratto ca haranti ye baliṃ (“Day and night, they take the offering.”).
        • yesaṃ divā ca ratto ca niccaṃ buddhagatā sati (“For whom mindfulness is always directed to the Buddha day and night.”).
      • ratyo, ratyā, ratyaṃ: only in verse (92. ye passivaṇṇassa).
        • tato ratyā vivasane, suriyassuggamanaṃ pati (“Then, at the end of the night, as the sun rises…”).
        • khantyā bhiyyo na vijjati (from khanti + yā > khantyā).
        • na jaccā vasalo hoti (from jāti + yā > jātyā > jāccā > jaccā).
      • related forms from Satthādigaṇa:
        • Final u in mātu (mother) drops: mātuyā > matyā (“by the mother”).
        • For pitu (father), yā substitution is unusual in masculine gender: pitu + nā > pituyā > pityā > petyā.
          • Example: ambho ambho nāmamimaṃ imissā, matyā ca petyā ca kataṃ susādhu (“Hey! hey! This girl’s name was beautifully given by her mother and father.”).

  • What happens to (1) a consonant without its own vowel and (2) to niggahīta without the support of its vowel? (kcyn)

    • 1: it joins the following vowel.
    • 2: it shifts to the nearest preceding vowel (rukkha-sakuṇa-naya, “tree-bird method”).
      • This applies to itthiṃ, aggiṃ, daṇḍiṃ, bhikkhuṃ, etc.

  • Other Nouns

    • patti (infantry),
    • yutti (reasoning),
      • vutti (livelihood), kitti (fame), mutti (liberation),
    • titti (satisfaction),
      • khanti (patience),
    • kanti (radiance)
      • santi (peace), tanti (scripture), siddhi (success), suddhi (purity), iddhi (supernormal power), vuddhi (growth), buddhi (wisdom), bodhi (awakening), bhūmi (earth), jāti (birth), pīti (joy),
    • sūti (childbirth),
      • nandi (delight), sandhi (junction), sāṇi (curtain), koṭi (end), diṭṭhi (view), vuṭṭhi (rain),
    • tutthi (gladness),
    • yaṭṭhi (staff),
      • pāḷi (text),
    • āli (row),
    • nāḷi (tube),
    • keli (play),
      • sati (mindfulness), mati (intellect), gati (movement),
    • muti (insight),
      • cuti (death), dhiti (effort), yuvati (young woman),
    • vikati (distortion),
      • rati (attachment), ruci (preference),
    • rasmi (ray),
    • asani (thunderbolt),
    • vasani (clothing),
    • osadhi (herb/star),
      • aṅguli (finger),
    • dhūli (dust),
    • dundubhi (drum),
    • doṇi (boat),
      • aṭavi (forest), chavi (skin).

• īkaranta Declension – Itthī

  itthī	ek.	bh.
  pa.	itthī	itthī, itthiyo
  āl.	itthi	"
  du.	itthiṁ, itthiyaṁ	"
  ta./pa.	itthiyā	itthīhi/bhi
  ca./ch.	"	itthīnaṁ
  sat.	", itthiyaṁ	itthīsu

  • Notes:
    • itthyo (rare)

  • Word Formation

    itthī+o.v.	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.		ī>i = itthiyo
    āl.	ī>i = itthi
    du.	ī>i = itthiṁ
    	ī>i, aṁ>yaṁ = itthiyaṁ
    ta.	ī>i, nā>yā = itthiyā	itthīhi/bhi
    ca.		itthīnaṁ
    sa.		itthīsu

    • Notes:
      • In singular cases from accusative onward, the final long vowel (ī, ū) shortens (e.g., itthiṃ, vadhuṃ, daṇḍiṃ, sayambhuṃ), except in kaññādi stems and go.
      • For long vowel-ending stems (ī, ū), vibhattis hi, naṃ, su retain the long vowel (94. sunaṃhisu), e.g., vadhūhi, vadhūbhi (not vadhuhi, vadhubhi).

  • Irregular Nouns

    • nadī: najjo, najjā, and najjaṁ
    • paṭhavī: pathabyā and pathabyaṃ
      • “pathavyā ekarajjena”
    • pokkharaṇī:
      • pa./āl./du. bhv. pokkharañño: ṇīyo > ṇyo > ñyo > ñño (vyañjanādesa)
      • ta. ekv. pokkharaññā
      • sa. ek. pokkharaññaṃ

    • guṇavantī / gacchantī are also declined in the samme manner with some forms without -n.

    • Irregular – Guṇavantī, Gacchantī

      guṇavantī	ekv.	bhv.
      pa.	guṇavantī, guṇavatī	guṇavantī, guṇavantiyo, guṇavatī, guṇavatiyo
      āl.	(bhoti) guṇavanti, guṇavati	(bhotiyo) "
      du.	guṇavantiṃ, guṇavantiyaṃ, guṇavatiṃ, guṇavatiyaṃ	guṇavantiyo, guṇavatiyo (:q: vantī? vatī?)
      ta./pa.	guṇavantiyā, guṇavatiyā	guṇavantīhi/bhi, guṇavatīhi/bhi
      ca./ch.	"	guṇavantīnaṃ, guṇavatīnaṃ
      sa.	", guṇavantiyaṃ, guṇavatiyaṃ	guṇavantīsu, guṇavatīsu

      mem aid: as itthī but with added forms without -n.

      • Stems formed with feminine suffixes from the kaññādi group decline like itthī

        • ī-ending: kumārī (maiden), taruṇī (young girl).
        • inī-ending: rājinī (queen), yakkhinī (female yakkha).
        • nī-ending: hatthinī (female elephant), bhikkhunī (nun).
        • ānī-ending: mātulānī (maternal aunt), gahapatānī (householder’s wife).
        • Note:
          • Mm: based on itthijotakapaccayas:
            • ī-ending nouns like itthī and nadī are in nadādigaṇa
            • ānī-ending nouns like gahapatānī under the gahapatādigaṇa

    • Irregular – Nadī

      nadī	ek.	bh.
      pa.	nadī	nadī, nadiyo, najjo
      āl.	nadi	"
      du.	nadiṁ, nadiyaṁ	"
      ta.	nadiyā, najjā	nadīhi/bhi
      ca.	"	nadīnaṁ
      sat.	", nadiyaṁ, najjaṁ	nadīsu

      • Notes:
        • najjo: nadī + yo > nadyo > najyo > najjo (vyañjanādesasandhi).
        • najjā: nadī + yā > nadyā > najyā > najjā.
        • najjaṃ: nadī + yaṁ > nadyaṁ > najyaṁ > najjaṁ
        • najjāyo (rare): nadī + ā + yo > nadyāyo > najjāyo
          • “najjāyo supatitthāyo”
      • :q: why is there no nadī in āl.?

  • Other Nouns

    • mahī (earth),
      • Vetaraṇī (hell river), vāpī (pond),
    • Pāṭalī (trumpet flower tree), kadalī (banana plant),
      • ghaṭī (pot), nārī (woman), kumārī (maiden), taruṇī (young girl),
    • vāruṇī (liquor),
      • brāhmaṇī (brahmin woman), sakhī (female friend), gandhabbī (female gandhabba), kinnarī (female kinnara), nāgī (female nāga), devī (goddess/queen), yakkhī (female yakkha), ajī (female goat), migī (female deer), vānarī (female monkey), sūkarī (female pig), sīhī (lioness),
    • haṃsī (female swan),
      • kākī (female crow), kukkutī (hen).

• ukaranta Declension – Yāgu

  yāgu	ek.	bh.
  pa./āl.	yāgu	yāgū, yāguyo
  du.	yāguṁ	"
  ta.	yāguyā	yāgūhi/bhi, yāguhi/bhi
  ca.	"	yāgūnaṁ, yāgunaṁ
  sat.	", yāguyaṁ	yāgūsu, yāgusu

  • Other Nouns

    • dhātu (element, verbal root), dhenu (cow, female animal), kāsu (pit), daddu (leprosy), kaṇḍu (itch), kacchu (scab), rajju (rope),
    • kaṇeru/kareṇu (she-elephant),

    • piyangu (Piyangu tree), sassu (mother-in-law).

    • Gender of dhātu

      • Tipiṭaka: itthiliṅga
      • kcyn: dviliṅgika
        • (Dhātusaddo jinamate, itthiliṅgattane mato / Satthe pulliṅgabhāvasmiṃ, kaccāyanamate dvisu).
      • Sanskrit texts: pulliṅga
        • (:q: buddhist or non-buddhist?)

• ūkaranta Declension – Vadhū

  vadhū	ek.	bh.
  pa.	vadhū	vadhū, vadhuyo
  āl.	vadhu	"
  du.	vadhuṁ	"
  ta./pa.	vadhuyā	vadhūhi/bhi
  ca./ch.	"	vadhūnaṁ
  sat.	", vadhuyaṁ	vadhūsu

  • Other Nouns

    • vadhū (woman),
    • sarabhū (Sarabhū river),
    • sarabū (lizard),
    • sutanū (well-shaped body),
    • camū (army),
    • vāmorū (beautiful thighs),
    • nāganāsūrū (elephant-trunk thighs),
    • jambū (rose apple tree).

Extra Notes – Overview

• Study Strategy:
  • Unique forms (najjo, najjā, itthiyaṃ, aggayo, sāno, ratto, ratyo, rattiyā, rattiyaṃ).
  • Sandhi rules
    • dy > jj for nadī
    • v > b for pathavī
    • ṇy > ññ for pokkharaṇī
  • vowel shortening in:
    • long vowel stems (itthiṃ, vadhuṃ)
    • yā substitution (itthiyā, yāguyā)
  • Irregular forms (munino, ariyavuttine, ādo)
• Some Key Rules:
  • “Yo” vibhatti shortens final long vowels (itthiyo, vadhuyo) or substitutes “a” (aggayo) (166. yosu jhissa pume).
  • “Yā” substitution for singular cases from instrumental (85. ghapat-ekasmiṃ nādīnaṃ yayā).
  • Parasaralopa for itthiṃ, yāguṃ (rukkha-sakuṇa-naya).
  • Sandhi transformations: nadyo > najjo, pokkharaṇyo > pokkharañño.
  • Connection to satthādi forms like matyā and petyā for comparative understanding.
  • Si elision in nominative singular (ratti).
  • Vowel lengthening when yo is dropped (rattī).
  • Yā substitution for vibhattis from instrumental singular onward (rattiyā).
  • “Yaṃ” for locative singular “smiṃ” (rattiyaṃ).
  • “Ratto” as a unique locative form for ratti.
  • Verse-specific shortening (ratyo, ratyā).

---

Rājādigaṇa

Definition

• Definition: The Rājādi Group consists of masculine a-ending stems beginning with rāja (king), including rāja, brahma, atta, and sakha. (:q: are there other nouns?)

Declension – Rāja

rāja	ekv.	bhv.
pa.	rājā	rājāno
āl.	rāja, "	"
du.	rājānaṁ, rājaṁ	"
ta.	raññā, rājinā, rājena	rājūhi/bhi, rājehi/bhi
ca./ch.	rañño, rājino	raññaṁ, rājūnaṁ, rājānaṁ
pa.	raññā (, rājasmā/mhā)	rājūhi/bhi, rājehi/bhi
sa.	raññe, rājini	rājūsu, rājesu

• Notes: mem aid:
  • same pa./āl./du. bhv.
  • raññā, rañño, raññe
  • inā, ino, ini
  • rājasmā/mhā are only found in nrtdpn
  • long du. ekv. form
  • rājādigaṇa has no smiṁ/mhi
  • rāja and atta have -ena in ta. and smā/mhā in pa.
  • brahma and sakha have -e in āl.
  • rājādigaṇa has nā, no, ni (exc. sakha: no ni)

• Word Formation

  rāja + o.v.	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	si > ā = rājā	yo > āno = rājāno
  du.	aṁ > ānaṁ = rājānaṁ
  ta./pa.	rāja + o.v. > raññā	a > u > ū + hi = rājūhi
  	a > i = rājinā
  ca./ch.	rañño / rājino	a > u > ū + naṁ = rājūnaṁ
  		raññaṁ
  sa.	raññe	a > u > ū + su = rājūsu
  	a > i + smiṁ = rājini

  • Notes:
    • 1. sunaṃhisu

Irregular – Brahma

brahma	ekv.	bhv.
pa.	brahmā	brahmāno
āl.	brahme	"
du.	brahmānaṁ, brahmaṁ	"
ta./pa.	brahmunā	brahmehi/bhi
ca./ch.	brahmuno, brahmassa	brahmūnaṁ, brahmānaṁ
sa.	brahmani	brahmesu

• Notes:
  • brahma and sakha have -e in āl. (as well as kaññā, isi, muni, kattu, and khattu)
• Brahma without rāja:

brahma	ekv.
āl.	brahme
ta./pa.	brahmunā
ca./ch.	brahmuno, brahmassa
sa.	brahmani

• Word Formation

  brahma + o.v.	ekv.
  āl.	si > e = brahme
  ta./ca./pa./ch./sa.	brahmunā, -uno, -ani

  • Notes:
    • “e” substitution like kaññe, isse, mune
    • brahmunā, etc.: like kamma (Cittādi group)

Irregular – Atta

• Atta without rāja:

atta	ekv.	bhv.
ta./pa.	attanā	attanehi/bhi
ca./ch.	attano, attassa
sa.	attani	attanesu

• Complete atta:

atta	ekv.	bhv.
pa.	attā	attāno
āl.	atta, "	"
du.	attānaṁ, attaṁ	"
ta.	attanā, attena	attanehi/bhi, attehi/bhi
ca./ch.	attano, attassa	attānaṁ
pa.	attanā, attasmā/mhā	attanehi/bhi, attehi/bhi
sa.	attani	attanesu, attesu

• Notes:
  • nā, no, ni
  • extra “an” forms
  • smā/mhā but no smiṁ/mhi
  • ātuma (self) also declines similarly
  • pahitatta (one who sent mind to Nibbāna): declines as purisādi.

• Word Formation

  atta	ekv.	bhv.
  ta.		a > ana + hi = atanehi
  ca./ch.	sa > no = attano
  pa.	smā > nā = attanā
  sa.		a > ana + su = atanesu

Irregular – Sakha

sakha	ekv.	bhv.
pa.	sakhā	sakhāro, sakhāyo, sakhāno, sakhino
āl.	sakhe, sakha, sakhā	"
du.	sakhāraṁ, sakhānaṁ, sakhaṁ	"
ta./pa.	sakhinā	sakhārehi/bhi, sakhehi/bhi
ca./ch.	sakhino, sakhissa	sakhārānaṁ, sakhānaṁ, sakhīnaṁ
sa.	sakhe	sakhāresu, sakhesu

• Notes:
  • āro > āyo > āno > ino (ryn: ryanair)
  • extra “ār” forms
  • nā, no, but no ni
  • brahma and sakha have -e in āl.
  • pāpasakha (evil companion): Declines as purisādi.

• Word Formation

  sakha	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.		yo > āyo = sakhāyo
  		a > i, yo > no = sakhino
  		a > āra, yo > o = sakhāro
  du.	a > āra + aṁ = sakhāraṁ
  ta./pa.	a > i + nā = sakhinā	a > āra + hi = sakhārehi
  ca./ch.	a > i + sa = sakhissa	a > i + naṁ = sakhīnaṁ
  		a > āra + naṁ = sakhārānaṁ
  sa.		a > āra + su = sakhāresu

  • Notes:
    • 1. āyo no ca sakhā.
    • 1. nonāsesvi.
    • 1. yosvaṃhismānaṃsvāraṅ.
    • 1. smānaṃsu vā.

Rājādi in Samāsa

• rāja, atta, sakha: if compound-ending, they may follow purisādi patterns.
  • mahārāja (great king):
    • pa. bhv.: mahārājāno, mahārājā
    • du. bhv. mahārājāno, mahārāje
    • ca./ch. ekv.: mahārañño, mahārājino, mahārājassa

Peculiarities of Rājādigaṇa

Peculiarity	rāja	brahma	atta	sakha
āl. ekv. -e		yes, only		yes
samāsa-ending, st, like purisa	yes		yes	yes
ta. ekv. -ena	yes		yes
-smā / -mhā	yes		yes
-nā, -no, -ni pattern	yes	yes	yes	only -nā, -no
-ñā, -ño, -ñe pattern	yes
-u substitution	yes, bhv.	yes
long -ār forms				yes
sa. ekv. -e	yes, raññe			yes, sakhe
unique forms	raññā	brahmani		-āno > āyo > āro > ino
	rañño
	raññe

• Common to all:
  • long du. ekv. -ānaṁ: all yes
  • long -ān forms: all yes
  • smiṁ / mhi: all no

---

Pumādigaṇa

Definition

• Definition: the pumādi group includes masculine a-ending stems beginning with puma (male), including puma, yuva (youth), and addha (half)

Declension – Puma (m.)

puma	ekv.	bhv.
pa.	pumo, pumā	pumā, pumāno
āl.	(bho) pumaṁ, puma, pumā	(bhonto) "
du.	pumānaṁ, pumaṁ	pume, pumāno
ta.	pumunā, pumānā, pumena	pumānehi/bhi, pumehi/bhi
ca./ch.	pumuno, pumassa	pumānaṁ
pa.	pumunā, pumānā, pumasmā/mhā, pumā	pumānehi/bhi, pumehi/bhi
sa.	pumāne, pumasmiṁ/mhi, pume	pumānesu, pumāsu, pumesu

• mem aid:
  • purisa
  • atta with ā
  • pumaṁ, pumunā, pumuno, pumāne, pumāsu
• Puma without purisa and atta:

simple puma	ekv.	bhv.
āl.	(bho) pumaṃ
ta./pa.	pumunā
ca./ch.	pumuno
sa.	pumāne	pumāsu

• Word Formation

  puma + o.v.	ekv.	bhv.
  āl.	si > aṁ = pumaṁ
  ta./pa.	a > u + nā = pumunā	a > ā + hi = pumāhi
  	a > ā + nā = pumānā
  sa.	a > ā, smiṁ > ne = pumāne	a > ā + su = pumāsu

  • Notes:
    • pumā, pumāno, pumānaṃ: follow rāja.
    • kammunā pattern

Irregular – Yuva (m.)

yuva	ekv.	bhv.
pa.	yuvā	yuvā, yuvāno, yuvānā
āl.	yuva, yuvā, yuvāna, yuvānā	yuvā, yuvānā (:q: āno?)
du.	yuvaṁ, yuvānaṁ	yuve, yuvāne
ta.	yuvānā, yuvānena, yuvena	yuvānehi/bhi, yuvehi/bhi
ca./ch.	yuvino, yuvānassa, yuvassa	yuvānānaṁ, yuvānaṁ
pa.	yuvānasmā/mhā, yuvānā,	yuvānehi/bhi, yuvehi/bhi
	yuvasmā/mhā, yuvā
sa.	yuvānasmiṁ/mhi, yuvāne,	yuvānesu, yuvāsu, yuvesu
	yuvasmiṁ/mhi, yuve

• mem aid:
  • purisa exc. -o
  • atta with ā
  • yuvānā
  • yuvino
  • yuvāsu
• Unique Forms: excluding purisa and atta forms:

yuva	ekv.	bhv.
pa./āl		yuvānā
ca./ch.	yuvino
sa.		yuvāsu

• Word Formation

  yuva + o.v.	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	a > ā, si > ā = yuvā
  ta.	a > ā + nā = yuvānā
  ca./ch.	sa > ino = yuvino
  sa.		a > ā + su = yuvāsu

  • Notes:
    • yuvā, yuvānā, yuvāsu: like puma
    • 1. Yuvā sassino.
    • yuvaṃ, yuvena, yuvassa, yuvasmiṃ, etc.: like purisa

Irregular – Addha (m.)

addha	ekv.	bhv.
pa.	addhā	addhā, addhāno
āl	(bho) addha, addhā	(bhonto) "
du.	addhānaṃ	addhe, addhāno
ta./pa.	addhunā	addhānehi/bhi
ca./ch.	addhuno	addhānaṃ
sa.	addhāne, addhani	addhāsu

• mem aid:
  • atta with ā and without purisa forms after ta.
  • u forms
  • purisa forms
• addha without atta and “u” forms:

simple addha	ekv.	bhv.
pa.		addhā
āl	addha, addhā	"
du.		addhe
sa.	addhāne	addhāsu

• Word Formation

  addha + o.v.	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	si > ā = addhā
  āl.	si > aṁ > ānaṁ = addhānaṁ
  du.	a > u + nā = addhunā
  ta.		a > ā + hi = addhānehi (:q: ?)
  ca./ch.	a > u, sa > no = addhuno
  sa.	a > ā, smiṁ > ne = addhāne	a > ā + su = addhāsu
  	addhani (as kamma)

• 4 Meanings of Addhā

  • Long road (addhāna): purisādi group
    • addhānagamanasamayo (time for traveling a long road).
  • Definitely (addhā): nipāta
  • Half: cittādi group
    • addhamāsaṃ (half a month)
    • anvaddhamāsaṃ (every half a month)
    • variant: aḍḍha (e.g., aḍḍhayojanaṃ)
  • Time:
    • “atīto addhā, anāgato addhā, paccuppanno addhā”
    • “Na kho pana so, Sāriputta, saṃsāro sulabharūpo yo mayā asaṃsaritapubbo iminā dīghena addhunā aññatra suddhāvāsehi devehi” (“Sāriputta, I have wandered through realms over this long period, except the Pure Abodes”).
    • “Hoti kho so, bhikkhave, samayo, yaṃ kadāci karahaci dīghassa addhuno accayena ayaṃ loko saṃvaṭṭati” (“Monks, after a long period, this world dissolves”).
  • mem aid: a long road definitely takes half the time.

Other Nouns

• muddha (gead/top)
  • Sattadhā me phale muddhā (“My head would break into seven pieces”).
  • Sele yathā pabbatamuddhaniṭṭhito (“Like a man standing on a rocky mountain top”).
• asma (rock)
  • asma: Mā tvaṃ adhammo ācarito, asmā kumbhamivābhidā (“Do not be broken by unrighteousness, like a pot struck by a stone”).
• usma (body heat)
  • usma: Usmā āyuṃ paṭicca tiṭṭhati (“Body heat depends on life force”); Āyu usmā ca viññāṇaṃ (“Life, heat, consciousness”).
• bhisma/bhesma (terrible/immense)
  • bhesma: Bhesmā hi udadhī mahā (“The ocean is terrifying and vast”).
• Per Cūḷamoggallāna:
  • āṇima, mahima, laghima (supernormal powers of the Buddha).
  • gāṇḍīvadhanva (Arjuna with Gāṇḍīva bow, also in Rattādi ā-ending masculine nouns).

• Stem maghava (King Sakka) – Declension Debate

  • Declension Debate:
    • rpsd (pg. 66): some sources: it declines like yuva
    • sdnt: it is under guṇavādi group (magha + vantu > maghavā).
      • Sakkasaṃyutta, Sakkanāmasutta: “Sakko, bhikkhave, devānamindo pubbe manussabhūto samāno magho nāma māṇavo ahosi, tasmā Maghavāti vuccati” (“Sakka, when human, was a youth named Magha, hence called Maghavā”).
    • Conclusion: it is a taddhita form (magho assa atthīti maghavā), more appropriately treated as guṇavādi.

Additional Notes

• Key Rules:
  • ā lengthening: yuvā, addhā, yuvānā, addhāsu.
  • ino/no substitution: yuvino (156. Yuvā sassino), addhuno.
  • ne for smiṃ: yuvāne, addhāne.
  • u substitution: addhunā (like pumunā).

Particularities of Pumādigaṇa

Peculiarity	puma	yuva	addha
āl. ekv. -aṁ	yes
long -ān forms		yes
pa. ek. -o	yes
purisa forms	all	all, exc. pa. ekv. -o	only 4
atta forms	all, but with ā and ni > ne	many differences	many differences
-u pattern	yes	no, but -i in ta. ekv.	yes
-nā/no/ne/ni	-nā/no/ne	-nā/no/ne	-nā/no/ne/ni

• Common to all:
  • du. ek. -ānaṁ: all yes
  • -nā, -no, -ne pattern: all yes
    • addha also has -ni
• Addha – 4 present purisa forms:
  • pa. bhv. -ā
  • āl. ekv./bhv. -a/ā
  • du. bhv. -e
  • ca./ch. bhv. -ānaṁ

---

Sabbanāmagaṇa

introduction

• Definition

  • “sabbesaṃ liṅgatthānaṃ sādhāraṇāni nāmāni sabbanāmāni” Nouns that are common to the meanings of all stems are called sabbanāma
    • Gist: sabbesaṃ nāmāni sabbanāmāni the “names of all” (nouns common to the meanings of all stems) are sabbanāma
  • note:
    • one of the 5 major noun types
    • tiliṅgika
    • it is a chaṭṭhī tappurisa samāsa

  • 5 types of nāma

    • kitaka nāma: root + suffix
    • taddhita nāma: kitaka + suffix
    • nāma nāma: nouns
    • sabba nāma: noun/pronoun declined in 3 genders
    • samāsa nāma: combined nouns

• Total #

  • 27 sabbanāma: kaccāyana (ta > tya)
  • 28 sabbanāma: moggallāna (ta, tya)

• 27 sabbanāmas into 6 groups

  1. sabba, katara, katama, ubhaya, itara, añña
  2. aññatara, aññatama
  3. pubba, para, apara, dakkhiṇa, uttara, adhara
  4. ya, ta (,tya), eta, ima, amu, kiṃ
  5. eka, ubha, dvi, ti, catu
  6. tumha, amha

  Notes:

  • 1 and 2
    • declined as sabba
    • possess ‘i’ form: katarissa (exc. sabba and ubhaya)
  • 3: declined as sabba with added purisa forms
  • 4, 5, and 6
    • no ālapana
    • their own individual declensions
  • 6: aliṅgika – same declension for all 3 genders
  • tya (mgln)
    • “khiḍḍāpaṇihitā tyāsu”; jātaka abhinavatīkā (V. 4, pg 141): tya is either a form of ta or another pronoun; due to its rarity, it is not included

  • upari and adho are nipātas, so they are not included here

  • Meanings

    • sabba: all
    • katara, katama: which (interrogative)
    • ubhaya: both
    • itara: the other, the rest
    • añña: another, different
    • aññatara, aññatama: a certain one (indefinite)
    • pubba: former, east
    • para: later, another, west
    • apara: another, western
    • dakkhiṇa: south
    • uttara: north
    • adhara: lower
    • ya: who, which
      • like a relative pronoun; makes the clause dependent; paired with “ta”
    • ta: he, she, it, that
      • ta: demonstrative, can be by itself
    • eta, ima: this
    • amu: that, such, so and so
    • kiṃ: what
    • eka: one, certain, superior (ekodibhāvaṁ eko udi bhāvaṁ)
    • ubha: both, collection of 2
    • dvi: two
    • ti: three
    • catu: four
    • tumha: you
    • amha: I/we

  • ta, eta, ima – when to use each

    	parammukha	sammukha
    dūre	ta/tya	eta
    samīpe	eta	ima

    • ta / tya: parammukha dūre
    • eta: parammukha samīpa, sammukha dūre
      • nrtdpn: sometimes, beyond visible range
    • ima: sammukha samīpe

sabbādigaṇa – sabba to aññatama

• m. declension

  sabba (m.)	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	sabbo	sabbe
  āl.	(bho) sabba, sabbā	(bhonto) "
  du.	sabbaṃ	"
  ta.	sabbena	sabbehi/bhi
  ca./ch.	sabbassa	sabbesaṃ, sabbesānaṃ
  pa.	sabbasmā/mhā	sabbehi/bhi
  sa.	sabbasmiṃ/mhi	sabbesu

  • Notes:
    • nrtdpn: sometimes, ca. ekv. sabbāya (for the sake of)
      • kcyn: not in pronouns

  • mem aid: purisa without ā/e + sabbe, sabbesaṁ, sabbesānaṁ

  • sabba without purisa:

  sabba	bhv.
  pa.	sabbe
  āl.	"
  ca./ch.	sabbesaṃ, sabbesānaṃ

  • Word Formation

    sabba + o.v.	bhv.
    pa.	yo > e = sabbe
    ca.	a > e, naṁ > saṁ/sānaṁ = sabbesaṁ/sabbesānaṁ

• nt. declension

  sabba (nt.)	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	sabbaṃ	sabbāni
  āl.	(bho) sabba, sabbā	(bhavantāni) sabbāni
  du.	sabbaṃ	sabbāni

  • Notes:
    • the remaining as masculine

• f. declension

  sabba (f.)	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	sabbā	sabbā, sabbāyo
  āl.	bhoti sabbe	bhotiyo sabbā, sabbāyo
  du.	sabbaṃ	sabbā, sabbāyo
  ta./pa.	sabbāya, sabbassā	sabbāhi, sabbābhi
  ca./ch.	sabbāya, sabbassā	sabbāsaṃ, sabbāsānaṃ
  sa.	sabbāya, sabbāyaṃ,	sabbāsu
  	sabbassā, sabbassaṃ

  mem aid: kaññā + ssā, ssaṁ, sabbāsaṁ, sabbāsānaṁ

  sabba (f.)	ekv.	bhv.
  ta./pa.	sabbassā
  ca./ch.	sabbassā	sabbāsaṃ, sabbāsānaṃ
  sa.	sabbassā, sabbassaṃ

  • Word Formation

    sabba (f.) + o.v.	ekv.
    ta./ca./pa./ch./sa.	o.v. > ssā = sabbassā
    sa.	smiṁ > ssaṁ = sabbassaṁ

    • Note: Cūḷanirutti (per Niruttidīpaṇī, p. 123) allows ā and e substitutions for smā and smiṃ, forming sabbā and sabbe in some contexts.

  • Exceptions in the Declension of Other Stems (katara, katama, ubhaya, itara, añña, aññatara, aññatama)

    • Declined like sabba, except:
      • -i forms: in f. ca./ch./sa.: issā, issaṃ.
        • katarissā, katarissaṃ, katamissā, katamissaṃ, itarissā, itarissaṃ, aññissā, aññissaṃ, aññatarissā, aññatarissaṃ, aññatamissā, aññatamissaṃ.
      • also applies to f. ta, eta, ima: tissā, etissā, imissā.

    • Meanings and Examples

      • ubhaya: “both” (e.g., ubhayāni pātimokkhāni – “both Pātimokkhas”).
        • Special feature: ubhayo in nominative and accusative plural (masculine and feminine).
      • itara: “the other, the rest” (e.g., eko dārako gāmaṃ gacchati, itaro sayati – “one child goes to the village, the other sleeps”; appakā te manussesu, ye janā pāragāmino; athāyaṃ itarā pajā, tīramevānudhāvati – “few among men reach Nibbāna; the rest run along this shore”).
      • añña: “another” (e.g., ahaṃ imasmā vihārā aññaṃ vihāraṃ gacchāmi – “I go from this monastery to another”).
      • aññatara, aññatama: “a certain one” (e.g., aññatarā devatā – “a certain deity”).

pubbādigaṇa – pubba to adhara

• Meanings of Pubbādi Pronouns

  • Application: Used for directions, time, or location-based references.
  • Contextual Usage:
    • pubba: East, former times, past events/persons.
    • para, apara: West, later, or “others” (e.g., na paresāṃ vilomāni, na paresāṃ katākataṃ – “not the misdeeds of others, not what others have done or not done”).
    • dakkhiṇa: South.
    • uttara: North.
    • adhara: Lower.

• Masculine Declension

  • Like sabba with the following extra forms:

  pubbādi	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	pubbā	pubbā
  āl.		pubbā
  sa.	pubbe

• Neuter Declension

  sabba (nt.)	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	pubbaṁ	pubbāni
  āl.		"

  • The remaining as masculine

• Feminine Declension

  • like sabba in feminine

• Pubbādi Pronoun look-alikes

  • pubba: pus
  • para: Nibbāna (dīpo taṇhakkhayo paraṃ)
  • dakkhiṇa: offering given with faith in subsequent lives (dakkhiṇaṃ arahatīti dakkhiṇeyyo)
  • uttara: name (āyasmā uttaro)
  • añña: arahatship (aññaṃ byākāsi)

• Sabbanāma Usage in Samāsas

  • Dvanda Samāsa:
    • pa./āl. bhv.: yo > e (:q: maybe ā here)
      • “pubbo ca aparo ca pubbāparā” (“the former and the latter person”). (:q: why is the example with ā?)
    • pa. bhv. also allows pubbāpare (unique to pronouns);
    • ch. bhv.: pubbāparānaṃ, not pubbāparesaṃ or pubbāparesānaṃ.
    • Extra Notes:
      • 3 characteristics of dvandasamāsa
        • independent: nouns are not visesana and visesya, they are independent nouns
        • ca: the indeclinable “ca” collects the two nouns
        • equal prominence: in the final compound both words are equally prominent in their meaning
  • Bahubbīhi Samāsa:
    • Generally, compounds focus on the non-pronoun meaning (aññapada) and are not declined as pronouns.
      • Exception: Directional pronouns (pubba, apara, dakkhiṇa, uttara) in bahubbīhi compounds are declined as pronouns.
        • dakkhiṇapubbā (“southeast direction”) – viggaha: dakkhiṇassā ca pubbassā ca yadanantarālaṃ, sā dakkhiṇapubbā (the direction between south and east).
          • Declines as a pronoun, e.g., dakkhiṇapubbassā, dakkhiṇapubbassaṃ.
  • Tappurisa Samāsa:
    • Example: māsena pubbo (“prior by a month”) – not declined as a pronoun, though the reason is not specified.
  • Other Samāsas:
    • If the pronoun is not the main meaning, the compound is not declined as a pronoun.
      • pubbe diṭṭho → diṭṭhapubbo (“seen before”) – declines as a regular noun, not a pronoun, as the focus is on “seen” rather than pubba.

extra notes

• dhātumāla and nāmamāla: book written by a Myanmar sayadaw
  • assa:
    • optative
    • horse
    • ta pronoun
    • ima pronoun
  • pubba:
    • previous
    • pus
  • gacchati:
    • vattamāna vibhatti
    • sa. of gacchanta

• ā + ñā -> aññā (the shortening of the vowel is normally accompanied by the doubling of the consonant to maintain the meter)

• donation given with faith is dakkhiṇā

• “pubbapara”, etc. is a samāsa and is declined as a normal noun, not as a pronoun

• Mount Meru is said to be North to all humans, so it seems to be a reference to the north pole
  • some: invisible magnetic field
  • Cakkavālapabbata: should be always to the south

general declension principles

• Masculine (19 Pronouns: sabba to ima, plus eka):
  • Stem ends in a, declines like purisa (e.g., sabbo, sabbena, sabbehi, sabbassa, sabbasmā, sabbasmiṃ, sabbesu).
• Feminine:
  • Adds feminine marker ā, declines like kaññā (e.g., sabbā, sabbāyo, sabbāya).
• Neuter:
  • Declines like citta (e.g., sabbaṃ, sabbāni).
• Pronoun kiṃ:
  • Often changes to ka, behaving like an a-ending stem.
  • Masculine: ko, kena, kassa (like purisa).
  • Feminine: kā, kāyo, kāya (like kaññā).
  • Neuter: kaṃ, kāni (like citta).
• Pronoun amu:
  • u-ending stem.
  • Masculine: Declines like bhikkhu.
  • Feminine: Declines like yāgu.
  • Neuter: Declines like cakkhu.
• Pronouns ubha, dvi, ti, catu, tumha, amha:
  • Each has unique declension patterns.
• Unique Characteristics:
  • Pronouns may exhibit additional forms beyond standard purisa, kaññā, or citta declensions. —

    yādigaṇa – ya to kiṁ

• group characteristics

  [

  • no ālapana
  • tiliṅgika
  • only one form in the nt. pa. bhv. (:q: check which other pronouns have this characteristic)

  ]

• ya

  • meaning

    [

    • yasaddo aniyamatthavacano: indefinite meaning – does not identify exactly what thing is being referred – “some / whichever / whatever”

    ]

  • declension – 3 genders

    [

    • similar to in all 3 genders

    ]

• ta

  • meaning

    [

    • ta-tya saddā parammukhe dūravacanā: refers to something not in one’s presence; at a distance

    ]

  • m. declension

    [

    ta (m.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa	so	te, ne
    du	taṃ, naṃ	"
    ta	tena, nena	tehi/bhi, nehi/bhi
    ca./ch.	tassa, nassa, assa	tesaṁ, tesānaṁ, nesaṁ, nesānaṁ, (āsaṁ)
    pa	tasmā, nasmā, asmā, tamhā, namhā	tehi/bhi, nehi/bhi
    sa	tasmiṃ, nasmiṁ, asmiṃ, tamhi, namhi	tesu, nesu

    • close to sabba

    ]

  • nt. declension

    [

    ta (nt.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa./du.	taṁ, naṃ	tāni, nāni

    • remaining as masculine

    ]

  • f. declension

    [

    ta (f.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.	sā	tā, tāyo, nā, nāyo
    du.	taṃ, naṃ	"
    ta./pa.	tāya, nāya, tassā, nassā,	tāhi/bhi, nāhi/bhi
    	assā, tissā*
    ca/ch.	*, tassāya, nassāya,	tāsāṃ, tāsānaṃ,
    	assāya, tissāya	nāsāṃ, nāsānaṃ (, āsaṁ)
    sa.	*, tāyaṁ, nāyaṁ, tassaṃ, nassaṁ,	tāsu, nāsu
    	assaṁ, tissaṃ

    • *“Combo 1”: tāya, nāya, tassā, nassā, assā, tissā
    • this is the largest declension table

    ]

  • word formation

    • m.
      • [pa. ek.: t > s + si > o] = so
        • [pronoun tya: t > s] = syo
          • f.: syā
          • nt.: syaṁ
        • mgln: tyatetānaṃ tassa so
      • [exc. pa. ekv., st: t > n] = ne, naṁ, nassa…
      • [ta > a + sa, smā, smiṁ] = assa, asmā/mhā, asmiṁ/mhi
        • also occurs to “ima”
      • [ta > a > ā + naṁ > saṁ] = āsaṁ
    • f.
      • [pa. ekv.: tā (t > s) + si] = sā
      • [other vibhattis: t > n] = nā, nāyo, etc.
      • [tā (ā > i) + ssā, ssāya, ssaṁ] = tissā, tissāya, tissaṁ
        • same for etā and imā: etissā, etissāya, etissaṃ; imissā, imissāya, imissaṃ
      • [tā > a + ssā ssāya ssaṁ] = assā, assāya, assaṁ
      • [tā + sa > ssāya)] = tassāya
        • same for etā and imā: etissāya, imissāya
      • [tā (t > s) + naṃ] = sānaṁ
        • “Dukkhā vedanā abhikkamanti, no paṭikkamanti. Abhikkamo sānaṃ paññāyati.” Painful feelings increase; they do not decrease. Their increase is evident.
      • [tā > ā + naṁ > saṁ] = āsaṁ (āsaṁ itthīnaṁ)

• eta

  • meaning

    [

    • etasaddo parammukhe samīpavacano sammukhe dūravacano: refers to sth not in one’s presence (far) but in front
    • in some contexts, eta is also used like ta for something at a distance

    ]

  • m. declension

    [

    eta (m.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.	eso	ete
    du.	etaṃ, enaṁ	"
    ta.	etena	etehi/bhi
    ca./ch.	etassa	etesaṃ, etesānaṃ
    pa.	etasmā/mhā	etehi/bhi
    sa.	etasmiṃ/mhi	etesu

    • like but with enaṁ
    • note: only one ‘n’ version - enaṁ (not in neuter)

    ]

  • nt. declension

    [

    eta (nt.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa./du.	etaṃ	etāni

    • the rest as m.
    • note: no ‘enaṁ’ as masculine
    • like
    • (:q: is there ete or not?)

    ]

  • f. declension

    [

    eta (f.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.	esā	etā, etāyo
    du.	etaṃ	"
    ta./pa.	etāya	etāhi/bhi
    ca./ch.	etāya, etissā, etissāya	etāsaṃ, etāsānaṃ
    sa.	etāyaṃ, etissaṃ	etāsu

    • neither ‘na’ nor ‘a’ versions as with ‘ta’
    • no ‘enaṁ’ as with masculine ‘eta’
    • ‘i’ versions as with ‘ta’
    • dat./gen. like ‘ta’ but only the tā- and ti- versions
    • no etāya in sa.
    • like but with the “i” forms

    ]

  • ya ta eta – 2 special cases

    [

    • sometimes together: yo so puriso, ete te bhikkhave
      • nrtdpn: first pronoun is meaninful, second meaningless, a padding word
    • yaṁ, taṁ, and idaṁ as nipātas: meaningless in these cases:
      • hitaṃ devamanussānaṃ yaṃ namassanti Gotamaṃ
      • obhāseyya, yathā taṃ yuvā yuvatiṃ methunupasaṃhitāhi
      • ekamidāhaṃ bhikkhave samayaṃ (ekaṁ idaṁ)

    ]

  • extra note

    see anukathana

• ima

  • meaning

    [

    • imasaddo sammukhe samīpavacano: refers to something in one’s presence and close by

    ]

  • m. declension

    [

    ima (m.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.	ayaṁ	ime
    du.	imaṁ	"
    ta.	iminā, anena	imehi/bhi, ehi/bhi
    ca./ch.	imassa, assa	imesaṁ, imesānaṁ, esaṁ, esānaṁ
    pa.	imasmā/mhā, asmā	imehi/bhi, ehi/bhi
    sa.	imasmiṁ/mhi, asmiṁ	imesu, esu

    • mem aid: shortened forms with a- in sgl. and e- in pl. from acc. onwards

    ]

  • nt. declension

    [

    ima (nt.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa./du.	idaṁ, imaṁ	imāni

    • the rest as m.

    ]

  • f. declension

    [

    tā (f.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.	ayaṁ	imā, imāyo
    du.	imaṁ	"
    ta./pa.	imāya	imāhi/bhi
    ca./ch.	imāya, imissā, imissāya,	imāsaṁ, imāsānaṁ
    	assā, assāya
    sa.	imāyaṁ, imissaṁ, assaṁ	imāsu

    • no imāya in sa.

    ]

  • word formation

    • m. and f.
      • [(ima + si) > ayaṁ] = ayaṁ
    • m.
      • [ima > imi + nā] = iminā
      • [ima > ana + nā > ena] = anena
    • m. and nt.
      • [ima > e + hi] = ehi
      • [ima > e + naṁ > saṁ / sānaṁ] = esaṁ, esānaṁ
      • [ima > e + su] = esu
      • [ima > a + sa / smā / smiṁ] = assa, asmā, asmiṁ
        • similar to ta
    • nt.
      • [ima + si / aṁ] = idaṁ
    • f.: as ta and eta

  • ima vs idaṁ

    [

    • kcyn and mgln: ima > ayaṁ, ime, idaṁ, etc.
    • sdnt: idaṁ > ayaṁ, ime, idaṁ, etc.
      • based on “idapaccayatā paṭiccasamuppādo”: samāsa with idaṁ, not ima
        • words in samāsas appear in their original form
      • idaṁ: stem ending in ṁ

    ]

  • anukathana

    [ eta / ima as “enaṁ”: eta / ima, when referring back to something already mentioned, in du. ekv., can be “enaṁ”

    • tamenaṁ saddheya vacasā (refers to bhikkhu)
    • kayirā ce kariyāthenaṁ, daḷhamenaṁ parakkame: enaṁ refers to the task, the object of kayirā (refers to the task)
    • maddantenaṁ parissayā
    • tamenaṁ bhikkhave nirayapālā
    • yatvādhikaraṇamenaṁ cakkhundriyaṁ
    • (:q: when other pronouns refer back to something, can’t it be called anukathana as well?)

    ]

• amu

  • meaning

    [

    • amusaddo dūravacano: sth far away, vaguely / indistinctly located
      • amuko puriso: so called man
    • closeness/distance: physically or mentally close / distant

    ]

  • m. declension

    [

    amu (m.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.	amu, asu	amū
    du.	amuṁ	"
    ta.	amunā	amūhi/bhi
    ca./ch.	amussa	amūsaṁ, amūsānaṁ
    pa.	amusmā/mhā	amūhi/bhi
    sa.	amusmiṁ/mhi	amūsu

    • amuka [amu + ka] is declined in purisādi, cittādi and kaññādi groups
    • amussa is’adussa in “(a)dussa me khettapālassa”
    • rpsd: 3 genders: plural may be with short ‘u’: amuhi/bhi, amusaṁ, amusānaṁ, amusu
    • -yo is always omitted, so there is no ‘vo’ as in bhikkhavo
    • no -no form as in bhikkhuno

    ]

  • nt. declension

    [

    amu (m.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa./du.	aduṁ	amūni

    • the remaining as m.

    ]

  • f. declension

    [

    amu (f.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.	amu, asu	amū, amuyo
    du.	amuṁ	"
    ta./pa.	amuyā	amūhi/bhi
    ca./ch.	amuyā, amussā	amūsaṁ, amūsānaṁ
    sa.	amuyaṁ, amussaṁ	amūsu

    • note: no amuyā in loc.

    ]

  • word formation

    • m. and f.
      • [amu (m > s) > asu + si] = asu
    • nt.
      • [amu > aduṁ + si / aṁ] = aduṁ
        • like ima

  • amu + ka

    [

    • suffix -ka is a meaningless filler
    • amuka declines as purisa, kaññā, and citta
      • amuko puriso
      • amukā kaññā
      • amukaṁ cittaṁ
    • m of amu may change to s:
      • asuko puriso
      • asukā kaññā
      • asukaṁ cittaṁ

    ]

• kiṁ

  • meaning

    [

    • kiṁsaddo pucchanattho: interrogative meaning

    ]

  • m. declension

    [

    kiṁ (m.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.	ko	ke
    du.	kaṁ	"
    ta.	kena	kehi/bhi
    ca./ch.	kassa, kissa	kesaṁ, kesānaṁ
    pañ.	kasmā/mhā	kehi/bhi
    sa.	kasmiṁ/mhi, kismiṁ/mhi	kesu

    • mem aid: extra ‘i’ form, but not in pañ.

    ]

  • nt. declension

    [

    kiṁ (nt.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa./du.	kaṁ, kiṁ	kāni

    • the rest as the m.

    ]

  • f. declension

    [

    kiṁ (f.)	ekv.	bhv.
    pa.	kā	kā, kāyo
    du.	kaṁ	"
    ta./pa.	kāya	kāhi/bhi
    ca./ch.	kāya, kassā	kāsaṁ, kāsānaṁ
    sa.	kāyaṁ, kassaṁ	kāsu

    • same as sabba
    • no ‘i’ form, ‘a’ takes over

    ]

  • word formation

    • in 3 genders: kiṁ > ka and declines like sabba
    • m.
      • [kiṁ > ki + sa / smiṃ] = kissa, kismiṃ, kimhi
    • nt.
      • [(kiṁ + si / aṁ) > kiṁ] = kiṁ

  • kiṁ + ci – meaning and cases

    [

    • meaning: “some, several, a little, a certain”
      • keci purisā: some men
    • cases: all cases: koci, keci, kañci, kenaci, kehici, kassaci, kesañci, kāci, kiñci, kānici, etc.

    ]

  • ya + kiṁ + ci – meaning and cases

    [

    • meaning: sakalatthavācī: all-inclusive meaning: “all, every, whatever, whoever”
      • ye keci purisā: whichsoever men
    • cases: all cases and genders: yo koci, ye keci, yena kenaci, yassa kassaci, yā kāci, yāya kāyaci, yaṁ kiñci, yāni kānici, etc.
      • yaṃ kiñci vittaṃ idha vā huraṃ vā (whatever wealth there is, here or in another world)
      • ye keci bhikkhave dhammā kusalā, sabbe te manopubbaṅgamā (bhikkhus, whatever wholesome states there are, all of them are preceded by mind)
      • yā kācimā (kāci imā) duggatīyo, asmiṃ loke paramhi ca (whatever bad destinies there are, whether in this world or in another…)

    ]

• samīpe, dūre, sammukhe, parammukhe – pronoun table

  [

  	sammukhe	paramukkhe
  samīpe	ima	eta
  dūre	eta	eta*, ta, tya, amu

  • imasaddo sammukhē samīpavacano
  • etasaddo parammukhē samīpavacano, sammukhē dūravacano
    • *in some contexts
  • ta-tya saddā parammukhē dūravacanā
  • amusaddo dūravacano
    • (:q: can it be both para and sammukha?)
  • samīpa and dūra: physical or mental

  ]

ekādigaṇa – eka to catu

• eka

  • 4 meanings

    [

    • ekanta ekavacana (always singular)
      • saṅkhyattha (number 1)
      • asadisattha (unique / incomparable)
        • ekomhi sammāsambuddho (I alone am the Fully Enlightened One)
      • asahāyattha (without a companion)
        • eko rāja nipajjāmi (O king! I lie down alone (without any companion))
    • ekanta bahuvacana (always plural)
      • ekaccattha (some)
        • santi bhikkhave eke samaṇabrāhmaṇā sassata-vādā (there are, monks, some ascetics and brahmins who hold eternalist views)

    ]

  • m. declension

    [

    • like
    • no ālapana

    ]

  • nt. declension

    [

    • like
    • no ālapana

    ]

  • f. declension

    [

    • like
    • but ekissā and ekissaṁ instead of ekassā ekassaṁ
      • like katara

    ]

  • eka + ka – declension

    [ like purisa, citta, and kaññā ]

  • ekacca and appekacca – word group, meaning, declension, notes

    [

    • word group: regular nouns, not pronouns
      • acts as pronouns only in m. pa. bhv. (like sabba)
        • ekacce: ekacce therā evaṃ vadanti
        • appekacce: appekacce bhagavantaṃ abhivādetvā ekamantaṃ nisīdiṃsu
    • meaning: some
    • declension: as purisa, citta, and kaññā

    ]

• ubha

  • declension

    [

    ubha	bhv.
    pa./du.	ubho
    ta./pa.	ubhohi/bhi, ubhehi/bhi
    ca./ch	ubhinnaṃ
    sa.	ubhosu, ubhesu

    • aliṅga
    • ekanta bahuvacana
    • e.g.:
      • ubhopi te pecca samā bhavanti (both of them, after passing away, become equal)
      • ubho ante anupagamma majjhimā paṭipadā (avoiding both extremes, the Middle Path)
      • …vuddhatarassa bhikkhuno pāde vandantena ubhohi pāṇitalehi pādaṃ parisambāhantena pemañca gāravañca upaṭṭhapetvā padā vanditabbā (prvr) (when bowing at the feet of an elder monk, one should bow massaging the feet with the palms of both hands, expressing affection and respect)

    ]

  • word formation

    • [ubha + yo > o] = ubho
    • [ubha (a > o) + hi / su] = ubhohi, ubhosu
    • [ubha + naṁ > innaṁ] = ubhinnaṁ

• dvi

  • declension

    [

    ubho	bhv.
    pa./du.	dve, duve
    ta./pa.	dvīhi/bhi
    ca./ch.	dvinnaṁ, duvinnaṁ
    sa.	dvīsu

    • aliṅgika
    • ekanta bahuvacana
    • examples
      • dve me bhikkhave antā pabbajitena na sevitabbā
      • duve imā cakkhumatā pakāsitā, nibbānadhatū…
      • dvinnā’haṃ bhikkhave na suppatikāraṃ vadāmi… katamesaṃ dvinnāṃ? mātussa pitussa.
        • Monks, I say that one cannot fully repay two persons. Who are they? one’s mother and one’s father.

    ]

  • word formation

    • [(dvi + yo) > dve / duve] = dve, duve
    • [dvi + n + naṁ] = dvinnaṁ
      • this applies from 2-18
    • [dvi > duvi + n + naṁ] = duvinnaṁ

• ti

  • m. declension

    [

    ti (m.)	bhv.
    pa./du.	tayo
    ta./pa.	tīhi/bhi
    ca./ch.	tiṇṇaṁ, tiṇṇannaṁ
    sa.	tīsu

    • ekanta bahuvacana
    • long vowels

    ]

  • nt. declension

    [

    ti (nt.)	bhv.
    pa./du.	tīṇi

    • remaining as m.

    ]

  • f. declension

    [

    ti (f.)	bhv.
    pa./du.	tisso
    ta./pa.	tīhi/bhi
    ca./ch.	tissannaṁ
    sa.	tīsu

    • long vowels

    ]

  • word formation

    • m., nt., f.
      • [(ti + yo) > tayo / tīṇi / tisso] = tayo, tīṇi, tisso
    • m.
      • [ti + naṁ > iṇṇaṁ / iṇṇannaṁ] = tiṇṇaṁ, tiṇṇannaṁ
        • (:q: isn’t there the nāgama?)
    • f.
      • [ti > tissa + n + naṁ] = tissannaṁ

• catu

  • m. declension

    [

    catu (m.)	bhv.
    pa./du.	cattāro, caturo
    ta./pa.	catūhi/bhi
    ca./ch.	catunnaṃ
    sa.	catūsu

    ]

  • nt. declension

    [

    catu (nt.)	bhv.
    pa./du.	cattāri

    • remaining as m.

    ]

  • f. declension

    [

    catu (f.)	bhv.
    pa./du.	catasso
    ta./pa.	catūhi/bhi
    ca./ch.	catassannaṃ
    sa.	catūsu

    ]

  • word formation

    • m., nt., f.
      • [(catu + yo) >] = cattāro, caturo, cattāri, catasso
    • f.
      • [catu > catassa + n + naṁ] = catassannaṁ

• other words

  • kati

    • word group, meaning, liṅga

      [

      • word group: not a pronoun, but taught in this section
      • meaning: how many?
      • aliṅga: declines the same in the 3 genders
        • kati purisā? (how many men?), kati itthiyo?, kati cittāni?

      ]

    • declension – 3 genders

      [

      kati	bhv.
      pa./du.	kati
      ta./pañ.	katihi/bhi
      ca./ch.	katinaṁ, katinnaṁ
      sa.	katisu

      • ekanta bahuvacana
      • short vowels
      • nāgama

      ]

    • aliṅga – meaning

      [ It declines the same in all 3 genders ]

  • pañca to aṭṭhārasa

    • word group, liṅga, and vacana

      [

      • word group: normal nouns, not pronouns
      • liṅga: aliṅga
      • vacana: ekanta bahuvacana

      ]

    • numerals 6-18

      [ cha, satta, aṭṭha, nava, dasa, ekādasa, dvādasa, terasa, cuddasa, pannarasa, soḷasa, sattarasa, aṭṭhārasa ]

    • declension - pañca to aṭṭhārasa

      [

      5-18	bhv.
      pa./du.	pañca
      ta./pañ.	pañcahi/bhi
      ca./ch.	pañcannaṁ
      sa.	pañcasu

      • short vowels
      • nāgama

      ]

    • word formation

      • [pañca + yo > a] = pañca
        • not dropped because when it happens, it lengthens the final vowel
        • applies to numbers up to 18
      • • no replacement or vowel lengthening as there normally is

  • ekūnavīsa onwards

    • vīsā

      • meaning, gender, base, vacana

        [

        • meaning: 20
        • gender: f.
        • base: vīsā
        • vacana: ekavacana

        ]

      • declension – vīsā (20), tiṁsā (30), cattālīsā (40), and paññāsā (50)

        [

        vīsā (f.)	ekv.
        pa./du.	vīsa, vīsaṁ
        ta.-ch.	vīsāya
        sa.	vīsāya, vīsāyaṁ

        • e.g.:
          • vīsa purisā / vīsaṃ purisā: 20 men
          • vīsa itthiyo / vīsaṃ itthiyo: 20 women
          • vīsa cittāni / vīsaṃ cittāni: 20 minds
          • vīsāya itthīhi / purisehi / cittehi kammaṃ kataṃ: the work was done by 20 women / men / minds

        ]

      • niccaliṅga

        [ permanent gender – even as visesana, it doesn’t adapt to its visesya

        • vīsa purisā, visāya purisehi

        ]

      • word formation

        • [vīsā > vīsa + si (+ ṁ)] = vīsa, vīsaṁ (pa.)
        • [vīsā + aṁ] = vīsaṁ (du.)
        • [vīsā + aṁ - ṁ] = vīsa (du.)
        • remanining as kaññā

      • vīsā vs vīsati – word formation and declension

        [ st, vīsā, tiṁsā, and cattālīsā + ti (ā > a) = vīsati, tiṁsati, cattālīsati

        • they become a new stem declined as ratti

          vīsati	ekv.	bhv. (vaggabheda)
          pa.	vīsati	vīsatiyo
          du.	vīsatiṁ	"
          ta./pañ.	visatiyā	vīsatīhi/bhi
          ca./ch.	visatiyā	vīsatīnaṁ
          sa	vīsatiyā, vīsatiyaṁ	vīsatīsu

        ]

    • 2 padhānas

      [

      • saṅkhyā padhāna: the number is the main focus (subject)
        • purisānaṁ vīsati hoti (ther are 20 “of” men)
      • saṅkheyya padhāna: what is counted by the number is the main focus (subject)
        • vīsati purisā honti (there are 20 men)

      ]

    • vaggabheda

      [ when referring to multiple groups, vīsati, etc. can be used in the plural:

      • dve vīsatiyo (40)
      • dve satāni (200)
      • pañca satāni (500)
      • dasa sahassāni (10 k)

      ]

• visesana ≠ visesya – gender / number

  [

  • gender
    • m. modifying nt.
      • ti: tayo (m.) mahābhūtā (nt.)
      • catu: cattāro (m.) satipaṭṭhānā (nt.)
        • happens due to vacanasiliṭṭhatā: euphonic reasons
        • comm.: liṅgavipallāsa
  • number
    • sati: saṅkhāresu (pl.) sati (sg.) viññāṇaṁ hoti
  • gender and number
    • f. ekv. modifying m. / nt. bhv.
      • vīsa purisā / cittāni

  (:q: is there a name for this?)
  ]

  • vacanasiliṭṭhatā

    [ fem. sticking together; fitting together; adhesion √silis + ta + tā ✓ ]

tumha amha

• declension – tumha

  [

  tumha	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	tvaṃ, tuvaṃ	tumhe, vo
  du.	taṃ, tavaṃ, tvaṃ, tuvaṃ	tumhākaṃ, tumhe, vo
  ta.	tayā, tvayā, te	tumhehi/bhi, vo
  ca./ch	tava, tuyhaṃ, tumhaṃ, te	tumhaṃ, tumhākaṃ, vo
  pa.	tayā, tvayā	tumhehi/bhi
  sa.	tayi, tvayi	tumhesu

  ]

• declension – amha

  [

  amha	ekv.	bhv.
  pa.	ahaṁ	mayaṁ, amhe, no
  du.	maṁ, mamaṁ	amhākaṁ, amhe, no
  ta.	mayā, me	amhehi/bhi, no
  ca./ch.	mama, mamaṁ, mayhaṁ, amhaṁ, me	amhaṁ, amhākaṁ, asmākaṁ, no
  pa.	mayā	amhehi/bhi
  sa.	mayi	amhesu

  ]

• word formation

  • [like sabba] = tumhe, amhe, tumhehi, amhehi, tumhesu, amhesu
  • [tumha / amha + case ending > substitutions] = tvaṃ, tuvaṃ, mamaṃ, me, te

• te, vo, me, and no – usage and cases

  [

  • usage:
    • never the first words of a sentence / line
    • never succeeded by ca, vā, or eva
  • cases:

  case	te	vo	me	no
  pa.		yes		yes
  du.		yes		yes
  ta.	yes	yes	yes	yes
  ca./ch.	yes	yes	yes	yes

  ]

table of exceptions

word	liṅga	vacana	≠ modifier	insertion	samāsa
pronouns
yādigaṇā	tiliṅga
eka	tiliṅga
ubha	aliṅga, tiliṅga	bhv
dvi	aliṅga, tiliṅga	bhv
ti	tiliṅga	bhv	yes
catu	tiliṅga	bhv	yes
2-18		bhv		-n
nouns
kati	aliṅga, tiliṅga	bhv
5-18	aliṅga	bhv
20, 30, 40				-ti
20, 30, 40, 50	niccaliṅga	ekv	yes
20-90	itthiliṅga	ekv
21->	itthiliṅga				yes
19-asaṅkheyya	itthiliṅga	mostly ekv
2-18		bhv
100, 1000	napuṁsakaliṅga	ekv
verb
sati			yes

---

---

Vibhattipaccayantapada

vibhattipaccaya and vibhattipaccayantapada – definition

[

• vibhattipaccaya: suffixes that show the meaning of vibhattis and stand in their place
  • vibhatyatthānaṃ jotakattā vibhattiṭṭhāne ṭhitā paccayā vibhattippaccayā
    • the suffixes that stand in place of the vibhattis are called vibhattipaccayas (case-suffixes) because they elucidate the meaning of the cases
• vibhattipaccayantapada: words that end with case-suffixes
  • stem + case suffix (purisa + to > purisato)
  • considered nipātas
    • aliṅga
    • same form in both genders

]

3 types of vibhattipaccayas

[

• ablative -to suffix: purisato, rājato, aggito, itthito, etc.
• 8 general locative meaning suffixes
• 4 temporal locative meaning suffixes

]

• ablative -to

  • meanings

    [

    • ablative: primary usage
    • locative:
      • with nouns
        • ādito - at the beginning
        • majjhato - in the middle
        • purato - in front
        • piṭṭhito - behind
        • puratthimato - in the eastern direction
      • with prefixes abhi-, pari- and some particles:
        • abhito - in front of
        • parito - all around, surrounding
        • heṭṭhato - below
        • uparito - above
    • instrumental:
      • rūpaṃ attato samanupassati (He regards form as self)
      • pañcakkhandhe aniccato vipassati (He sees the five aggregates as impermanent)
    • nominative:
      • yatvādhikaraṇaṃ — “for whatever reason”
    • accusative
      • ito ehi — come here
      • ito balāke āgaccha — O crane, come here
    • genitive
      • paratoghoso — the voice of others
    • note:
      • all except dative
      • here, according to frequency of usage
      • these vibhattis can also be used in different meanings

    ]

  • 6 changes caused by “-to”

    [

    • 1 shortening
      • long-ending-vowel -> short: hatthito, sabbaññuto, kaññato, and itthito
    • 1 lengthening
      • chandadīghatā: st, short vowel becomes long for metrical reasons
        • darito pabbatāto vā, rukkhāto patito naro cuto patiṭṭhaṃ labhati, yo mittānaṃ na dūbhati (a man whho does not betray his friends obtains a firm footing even if he falls from a cleft, a mountain, or a tree)
    • 4 substitutions
      • i-substitution
        • mātu, pitu -> mātito, pitito
        • ima -> ito
          • ima > i > ito
      • e- / a-substitution
        • eta -> etto, ato
          • eta > e + to > tto = etto
          • eta > a + to = ato
      • ku-substitution
        • kiṃ -> kuto
          • kiṁ > ku + to = kuto

    ]

• general vs temporal meaning of locative

  [

  • general meaning: support or basis for an action
  • kālasattamī attha (temporal locative meaning): time (kāla) as a kind of basis for actions

  ]

• 8 general locative meaning suffixes

  [

  • pronouns + ttha, -tra: in / at a place
  • kiṁ + -va
  • ima + -ha, -dha
  • sabba + -dhi
  • ya + -hiṁ
  • ta / kiṁ + -hiṁ, -haṁ

  ]

  • -ttha and -tra – added to what, meaning, examples

    [

    • added to: pronouns
    • meaning: in/at a place
    • e.g.:
      • sabbattha, sabbatra (in all places / everywhere)
        • sabbatthamaparājitā
        • dullabho purisājañño, na so sabbattha jāyati (A noble man is rare; he is not born everywhere)
      • ubhayattha, ubhayatra (in both places)
        • idha nandati, pecca nandati, katapuñño ubhayattha nandati
      • aññattha, aññatra (elsewhere, in another place)
        • na bhikkhave aññatra paribhogo, aññatra paribhuñjitabbo. Monks, (a saṅghika property) which is offered to be used in a certain place should not be used elsewhere.
        • different meaning: aññatra bhikkhu sammutiyā
      • yattha, yatra (where, in whatever place)
      • tattha, tatra (there, in that place)

    ]

    • formation with kiṁ and eta

      • ttha
        • [kiṃ > ka + ttha] = kattha (where?)
        • [eta > e + ttha] = ettha (here)
      • tra
        • [kiṃ > ku + tra] = kutra (where?)
        • [eta > a + tra] = atra (here / in this place)

  • -va – added to what, meaning, example, formation

    [

    • added to: kiṁ
    • meaning: where
    • e.g.:
      • kiṁ > k + va = kva (where?)
        • tvaṃ pana bhante kva ahosi? (Bhante, where were you?)

    ]

  • -ha and -dha – added to what, meaning, example, formation

    [

    • added to: ima
    • meaning: here
    • e.g.:
      • ima > i + ha / dha = iha / idha (here)

    ]

  • -dhi – added to what, meaning, example, formation

    [

    • added to: sabba = sabbadhi
    • meaning: everywhere, in all places
    • e.g.:
      • namo te buddha vīratthu, vippamuttosi sabbadhi (o Buddha, o hero, homage to you! you are liberated everywhere)
      • vippamuttassa sabbadhi

    ]

  • -hiṃ and -haṃ – added to what, meaning, example, formation

    [

    • hiṁ
      • added to: ya: ya + hiṁ = yahiṁ (in whichever place)
    • hiṁ / haṁ
      • added to:
        • ta: ta + hiṁ / haṁ = tahiṃ, tahaṃ (there)
        • kiṃ: kiṁ > ka / ku + hiṁ / haṁ = kahiṃ, kahaṃ (where?), kuhiṁ

    	ya	ta	kiṁ
    -hiṁ	yahiṁ	tahiṁ	kahiṁ, kuhiṁ
    -haṁ	-	tahaṁ	kahaṁ

    ]

    • -haṁ – another possible case meaning, example

      [

      • case meaning: accusative
        • tahaṃ tahaṃ olokento gacchati (he walks looking here and there)
          • accusative since tahaṃ tahaṃ is the object of olokento

      ]

• 6 temporal locative meaning suffixes (kāla-sattamī attha)

  [

  • sabba / añña / ya / ta / eka / kiṁ + -da
  • ima + -dāni -dhunā, -rahi, -jja
  • apara / samāna + -jju

  ]

  • -dā – added to what, meaning, examples, formation

    [

    • added to:
      • sabba
        • sabba + dā = sabbadā (always)
        • sabba > sa + dā = sadā
          • sadā sotthi bhavantu te
      • añña = aññadā (on another day)
      • ya = yadā (when)
      • ta = tadā (then)
      • eka = ekadā (once, at one time)
      • kiṁ > ka / ku + dā = kadā, kudā (when?)
        • kudā mostly in gāthā

    ]

  • -dāni, -dhunā, -rahi, and -jja – added to what, meaning, examples, formation

    [

    • added to: ima
      • ima > a + dhunā = adhunā (now, at this very time)
        • ye te, bhikkhave, bhikkhū navā acirapabbajitā adhunāgatā imaṃ dhammavinayaṃ, te vo bhikkhave bhikkhū catunnaṃ satipaṭṭhānānaṃ bhāvanāya samādapetabbā. (monks, those newly ordained monks who have only recently come to this dhamma and vinaya should be encouraged in the development of the four satipaṭṭhānas)
      • ima > i + dāni = idāni (now, at present)
        • handadāni bhikkhave āmantayāmi vo
          • idāni > dāni or dāni
      • ima > eta + rahi = etarahi (now, nowadays, at this time)
        • change unclear: maybe because eta is used in the meaning of “that” but here it doesn’t mean “at that time”
      • ima > a + jja = ajja (today, this day)

    ]

  • -jju – added to what, meaning, example, formation

    [

    • added to:
      • apara + jju = aparajju (on the other day, tomorrow)
        • sannidhikārakaṃ nāma ajja paṭiggahitaṃ aparajju khāditaṃ hoti (it is called sannidhikāraka when a food item is accepted today but eaten on the next day)
      • samāna (existing, present) > sa + jju = sajju (at the present moment; presently, right at that moment)
        • na hi pāpaṃ kataṃ kammaṃ, sajju khīraṃva muccati (an evil deed does not give its result immediately, just as freshly drawn milk does not curdle at once)

    ]

vocab

• etto, ato

  [

  • etta
    • ind. from this; from here; away from here ima + to ✓
    • adj. so much; this much ima + tta ✓
  • ato
    • ind. from here; from this; because of this ima + to ✓

  ]

---

Abyaya

Definition

[ nānāliṅgavibhattivacanehi natthi rūpabyayo etesanti abyayā they are called abyaya because their form does not change due to differences of gender (liṅga), case (vibhatti), or number (vacana)

• byaya = change

]

2 general categories of abyaya

[

• nipāta
• upasagga

]

6 types of abyaya

[

• upasagga
• nipāta
  • vibhatti-paccayantapada
  • tvādi-paccayanta kitaka: root + tvā, tvāna, tuna, tuṁ, tave, etc.
    • -tvā, -tvāna, -tuna: nominative: bhutvā, gantvā
      • bhante: they seem to have non-nominative meanings as well, but the grammar only mentions nominative: gāmaṁ gantvā purisaṁ passāmi (gantvā modifies gāmaṁ in dutiya so should be dutiya)
    • tuṁ, tave: dative: gantuṁ, gantave
  • abyaya taddhita: yathā, kathaṁ (instrumental case)
• abyayībhāva samāsa: upanagaraṁ
• notes:
  • those put under nipāta are called nipāta in many places
  • additional vibhattis are not added to words ending with vibhattipaccayas since they occupy the place of vibhattis
  • (:q: under which of the 5 types of nāma is upasagga and nipāta included?)

]

Upasagga – prefixes

• introduction

  • definition

    [ Upecca atthaṃ sajjanti saṅkharontīti upasaggā they are called upasaggas because they approach (upecca) [roots and stems], modifying and transforming their meanings

    • upecca:
      • approach roots: abhikkamati
      • approach stems: abhidhammo
    • atthaṁ sajjanti: they “decorate” the meaning
    • atthaṁ saṅkharonti: they “modify” the meaning (:q: confirm)
    • notes:
      • not declined
      • normally added to the beginning of a root / noun, but st suffixed at the end of a noun (:q: add example)

    ]

  • why are they studied under the nāma chapter?

    [

    • vibhatyantaṁ padaṁ: no sound becomes a word without a vibhatti
      • nāmas have nāmavibhatti (si, yo, aṁ…)
      • verbs have ākhyātavibhatti (ti, anti, si, tha…)
      • upasaggas and nipātas have nāmavibhattis added to them to make them “usable”, so they can be considered as nāmas
        • they have the meaning of nominal cases, what shows vibhattis are applied to them
        • after vibhattis are applied, they are elided

    ]

• 20 upasaggas

  [ kcyn:

  • pa, parā, ni, nī, u, du
  • saṁ, vi, ava, anu
  • pari, adhi, abhi, pati, su, ā
  • ati, api, apa, upa

  ]

  • their # acc. to kcyn and mgln

    [

    • kcyn: 20
      • ni ≠ nī
      • ava > o
    • mgln: 20
      • ni > nī
      • ava ≠ o
        • ovādo, onaddhā

    ]

• 3 upasaggagatī – natures (functions)

  [

  • bādhate dhātvatthaṁ: obstruct the meaning of the root establishing an opposite or different meaning
    • opposite meaning: jetī (wins) - parājeti (causes to lose)
    • different meaning: √dhā: (to hold):
      • vidheti - arranges
      • pidheti - closes
      • nidheti - deposits
      • saddahati - believes
  • anuvattate dhātvatthaṁ: follow the meaning of the root without altering its meaning
    • vijjati (exists) > saṃvijjati (exists)
    • labhati (obtains) > paṭilabhati (obtains)
  • viseseti dhātvatthaṁ: modify the meaning of the root
    • √ñā (know)
      • sañjānāti - recognizes
      • avajānāti - despises, looks down upon
      • abhijānāti - knows clearly or distinctly
      • parijānāti - knows thoroughly
    • √gam (go)
      • āgacchati - comes
      • uggacchati - goes up
      • ogacchati - goes down

  dhātvatthaṃ bādhate koci, koci tamanuvattate tamevañño viseseti, upasaggagatī tidhā (rpsd) some prefixes obstruct the meaning of the root. some follow the meaning of the root. others modify the meaning of the root. thus, the nature of prefixes is threefold. ]

• meanings of each upasagga

  • pa-

    [

    • manner or mode (pakāra)
      • paññā - wisdom that understands in various ways or modes
    • initial action (ādikamma):
      • vippakataṃ - something that has been begun but not completed
    • prominence (padhāna)
      • paṇītaṃ - something superior or noble
    • lordship (issariya)
      • pabhū - a master, lord
    • inwardness (antobhāva)
      • pakkhittaṃ - placed inside
      • passāso - inhalation (breath taken in)
    • separation (viyoga)
      • pavāso - living apart
    • being superior than something else (tappare)
      • pācariyo - a teacher superior to a teacher; the teacher’s teacher
    • close succession (tadanubandha)
      • paputto - son of a son (grandson)
      • panattā - son of a grandson (great-grandson)
    • intensity (bhusattha)
      • pavaḍḍho - greatly grown
    • origin (sambhava)
      • pabhavati - begins
    • sufficiency (tittiyaṃ)
      • pahutaṃ annaṃ - sufficient food
    • clarity (anāvila)
      • pasanno - clear
    • aspiration (patthanā)
      • paṇidhānaṃ - aspiration; wish
        • nidhānaṃ: depositing, treasure
          • note: pa- changes the meaning, so it is said to convey that meaning
            • (:q: does the upasagga carry the meaning or it just changes the meaning of the word?)

    ]

  • parā-

    [

    • decline or destruction (parihāni)
      • parābhavo - downfall
    • defeat (parājaya)
      • parājito - one who is defeated
    • going (gati)
      • parāyanaṃ - the place one goes to for refuge; destination
    • exertion (vikkama)
      • parakkamo - heroic effort
    • touching or grasping (āmasana)
      • parāmasanaṃ - touching

    ]

  • ni-

    [

    • completeness (nissesa)
      • nirutti - complete explanation
    • going out (niggata)
      • niyyānaṃ - going forth; departure
    • taking out (nīharaṇa)
      • niddhāraṇaṃ - extraction
    • insertion inward (antopavesana)
      • nikhāto - a post fixed into a pit
    • absence (abhāva)
      • nimmakkhikaṃ - free from flies
    • prevention (nisedha)
      • nivāreti - prevents
    • escape (nikkhanta)
      • nibbānaṃ - liberation from craving. (vānato nikkhantaṁ nibbānaṁ
    • manifestation (pātubhāva)
      • nimmitaṃ - created
    • decision (avadhāraṇa)
      • vinicchayo - judgment; decision
    • detailed exposition (vibhajjana)
      • niddeso - explanation
    • illustration (upamā)
      • nidassanaṃ - example
    • attentive retention (upadhāraṇa)
      • nisāmeti - listens attentively and retains
    • completion (avasāna)
      • niṭṭhitaṃ - completed
    • skillfulness (cheka)
      • nipuṇo - skilful; clever

    ]

  • nī-

    [

    • carrying away (nīharaṇa)
      • nīharaṇaṃ - carrying away
    • obstruction (nīvaraṇa)
      • nīvaraṇaṃ - mental hindrances that obstruct jhāna etc
    • note: considered a lengthened form of ni-, so only two separate meanings are listed
      • (:q: so can it have the meanings listed under ni-?)

    ]

  • u-

    [

    • rising (uggata)
      • uggacchati - rises; emerges
      • udeti
    • upward action (uddhaṃkamma)
      • uṭṭhāti - stands up
    • excellence (padhāna)
      • uttaro - superior
    • separation (viyoga)
      • upavāso - abstinence; fasting
    • origination (sambhava)
      • ubbhūto - arisen
    • acquiring one’s own nature (attalābha)
      • rūpassa uppādo - arising of form
    • capability (satti)
      • ussahati gantuṃ - is able to go
    • stating essentials (sarūpakkhyāna)
      • uddeso - summary statement

    ]

  • du-

    [

    • badness (asobhaṇa)
      • duggandho - bad smell
    • absence (abhāva)
      • dussīlo - one without morality
        • natthi sīlo assāti dussīlo
    • blameworthiness (kucchita)
      • dukkaṭaṃ - blameworthy act
    • incompleteness (asamiddhi)
      • dusassaṃ - poor harvest
    • difficulty (kiccha)
      • dukkaraṃ - difficult
    • deformity (virūpa)
      • dubbaṇṇo - discoloured
      • dummukho - deformed-faced person
    • note: dvebhāva normally follows it (some say because of the sanskrit dur-)

    ]

  • saṁ-

    [

    • combination (samodhāna)
      • sandhi - euphonic combination
    • being proper / balanced functioning (sammā/samattha)
      • samādhi - that which places the associated mental factors on the object properly/ in a balanced way
      • sampayutto - properly associated/ associated in a balaced way
    • surrounding or completeness (samantabhāva)
      • saṅkiṇṇo - mixed
    • gathering (saṅgata)
      • samāgamo - assembly
    • abbreviation (saṅkhepa)
      • samāso - abbreviated words; compound
    • intensity (bhusattha)
      • sāratto - deeply attached
    • togetherness (sahatta)
      • saṃvāso - living together
        • methunasaṁvāso: sexual intercourse
      • sambhogo - shared consumption.
    • smallness or insignificance (appattha)
      • samaggho - low value
    • origin (pabhava)
      • sambhavo - origin
    • presence (abhimukha)
      • sammukhaṃ - face to face
    • inclusion (saṅgaha)
      • saṅgayhati - is included
    • covering (pidahana)
      • saṃvuto - covered
    • repetition (punappunakamma)
      • sandhāvati - runs repeatedly
      • saṃsarati - wanders repeatedly
    • prosperity (samiddhi)
      • sampanno - endowed
    • sayaṁ, sāmaṁ (by oneself)
      • sammāsambuddha

    ]

  • vi-

    [

    • distinction (visesa)
      • vipassati - sees distinctly
    • variety (vividhattha)
      • vicittaṃ - diverse
    • opposition (viruddha)
      • vivādo - dispute
    • absence or removal (vigata)
      • vimalo - free of stain; pure
    • separation (viyoga)
      • vippayutto - dissociated
    • distortion (virūpa)
      • vippaṭisāro - distorted remembering; remorse

    ]

  • ava-

    [

    • the lower part or downward direction (adhobhāga)
      • avakkhitto - one who has been thrown down
    • separation (viyoga)
      • avakokilaṃ vanaṃ - a forest from which cuckoos have departed
    • contempt (paribhava)
      • avajānāti - knows with contempt; looks down upon
    • knowing or understanding (jānana)
      • avagacchati - understands
    • purity (suddhi)
      • vodānaṃ - purity
    • determination or certainty (nicchaya)
      • avadhāraṇaṃ - determination; ascertainment
    • place or location (desa)
      • avakāso - space; place
    • theft (theyya)
      • avahāro - theft; stealing

    ]

    • o (*considered a substitute for the prefix ava)

      [

      • inwardness or being inside (antobhāva)
        • orodho - the group of women living inside the king’s palace (the royal harem)
      • downward action (adhokamma)
        • okkhitto - thrown downwards
      • restraint (niggaha)
        • ovādo - admonition
      • intermediate space or location (antaradesa)
        • okāso - space; place; opportunity
      • manifestation or sudden appearance (pātubhāva)
        • opapātiko - a being who arises spontaneously
      • note: includes the meanings of ava-

      ]

  • anu-

    [

    • following or going after (anugata)
      • anveti - follows; goes after
    • continuity without interruption (anuppacchinna)
      • anusayo - a latent defilement that continues without being cut off
    • the meaning of the particle pacchā (behind, after) (pacchāsaddattha): - anurathaṃ - behind the chariot
    • repetition or regular recurrence (punappunabhāva)
      • anuvaḍḍhamāsaṃ - every half month
      • anusaṃvaccharaṃ - every year
    • suitability or conformity (yogyabhāva)
      • anurūpaṃ - suitable
    • junior or secondary status (kaniṭṭhabhāva)
      • anuthero - the junior elder monk
    • note: anu, abhi, pati, and pari also convey meanings related to kāraka

    ]

  • pari-

    [

    • surrounding or being all around (samantabhāva)
      • parivuto - surrounded
      • parikkhitto - encircled
    • thorough knowing (pariccheda)
      • parijānāti - knows thoroughly
    • avoidance or refraining (vajjana)
      • pariharati - avoids
    • embracing (āliṅgana)
      • parissajati - embraces; hugs
    • wearing or clothing (nivāsana)
      • vatthaṃ paridahati - wears a cloth
    • service or honour (pūjā)
      • pāricariyā - service; honouring
    • serving food (bhojana)
      • parivisati - serves food
    • overpowering (abhibhava)
      • paribhavati - overpowers; oppresses
    • blaming (dosakkhāna)
      • paribhāsati - blames

    ]

  • adhi-

    [

    • superiority (adhika)
      • adhisīlaṃ - higher morality; morality superior to ordinary virtue
    • authority or lordship (issara)
      • adhipati - ruler; master
    • being upon or over (uparibhāva)
      • adhiseti - lies upon
    • oppression (paribhavana)
      • adhibhūto - oppressed
    • study or recitation (ajjhāyana)
      • ajjheti - studies; recites
    • determination or resolution (adhiṭṭhāna)
      • cīvaraṃ adhiṭṭhāti - determines or resolves regarding a robe
    • firm decision (nicchaya)
      • adhimucchati - believes firmly
    • attainment or reaching (pāpuṇana)
      • amataṃ adhigacchati - attains the deathless
      • bhogakkhandhaṃ adhigacchati - acquires wealth

    ]

  • abhi-

    [

    • facing or moving toward (abhimukha)

      • abhikkanto - moving forward; advancing

      • abhikkante paṭikkante sampajānakārī hoti

      • distinction or excellence (visiṭṭha)
        • abhiññā - higher or special knowledge
      • superiority (adhika)
        • abhidhammo - the higher doctrine; doctrine superior to the suttas
      • upward movement (uddhaṃkamma)
        • abhiruhati - climbs up; ascends
      • noble birth (kula)
        • abhijāto - well-born; nobly born
      • suitability or excellence (sāruppa)
        • abhirūpo - having a very suitable form; handsome
      • reverence (vandana)
        • abhivādeti - pays homage

    ]

  • pati- / paṭi-

    [

    • direct perception (patigata)
      • paccakkhaṃ - directly seen; evident
    • reversal or opposition (paṭiloma)
      • paṭisotaṃ - against the current
    • comparability (paṭiyogi)
      • paṭipuggalo - a comparable person; counterpart
    • rejection (nisedha)
      • paṭisedho - rejection; refusal
    • turning back or returning (nivatta)
      • paṭikkamati - turns back; returns
    • similarity (sadisa)
      • paṭirūpakaṃ - similar
    • remedy (paṭikamma)
      • rogassa paṭikāro - treatment for a disease
    • receiving (ādāna)
      • paṭiggaṇhāti - receives; accepts
    • penetration or clear understanding (paṭibodha)
      • paṭivedho - penetration; realization
    • conditionality or dependence (paṭicca)
      • paccayo - condition; cause
    • note: st, at the end of a word: (akitticariyajātaka): when the sun rise “suriyassa uggamanampati”

    ]

  • su-

    [

    • beauty (sobhaṇa)
      • sugati - a beautiful (good) destiny
    • goodness or pleasantness (sundara)
      • sumano - one who has a good or pleasant mind
    • well, rightly (sammāsaddattha)
      • sugato - the blessed one, who has gone well
    • prosperity or abundance (samiddhi)
      • subhikkhaṃ - abundance of food
    • ease (sukhattha)
      • sukaro - easy to do
    • note: dvebhāva may happen in verses “suggatiṁ”

    ]

  • ā-

    [

    • facing toward (abhimukha)
      • āgacchati - comes
    • upward action (uddhaṃkamma)
      • ārohati - climbs up; ascends
    • limit or boundary (mariyādā)
      • āpabbatā khettaṃ - a field extending up to the mountain
    • pervasion (abhibhavana)
      • ābrahmalokā kittisaddo - a sound of fame spreading up to the brahma world
    • arrival (patti)
      • āpanno - has arrived; has reached
    • desire or wish (icchā)
      • ākaṅkhā - desire; wish
    • embracing (parissajana)
      • āliṅgati - embraces
    • initial action or beginning (ādikamma)
      • ārambho - beginning; commencement
    • taking (gahaṇa)
      • ādiyati - takes
    • dwelling (nivāsa)
      • āvasatho - dwelling place
    • proximity or nearness (samīpa)
      • āsannaṃ - near
    • addressing or calling (avhāna)
      • āmantanaṃ - addressing

    ]

  • ati-

    [

    • surpassing or going beyond (atikkama)
      • atirocati: shines beyond others
      • atīto: past; gone beyond
    • exceeding a limit (atikkanta)
      • accantaṃ - excessive; beyond the limit
    • extreme degree (atisaya)
      • atikusalo - extremely skilful
    • intensity or sharpness (bhusattha)
      • atikodho - intense anger
    • bringing inside (antokamma)
      • mañcaṃ vā pīṭhaṃ vā atiharitvā ṭhapeti - having brought a bed or chair inside, he places it

    ]

  • api-

    [

    • appreciation (sambhāvana)
      • apipabbataṃ bhindeyya - he would break even a mountain
    • expectation or reference (apekkhā)
      • ayampi bhikkhu pārājiko - this monk also is defeated
    • accumulation (samuccaya)
      • cammampi dahati, maṃsampi dahati - it burns the skin, and the flesh as well – similar to “ca”
        • some say this upasagga can be used at the end of words with this meaning
        • there is also the nipāta “api”
    • blaming (garahā)
      • api amhākaṃ paṇḍitaka! - you are even wiser than us
    • questioning (pucchā)
      • api bhante bhikkhaṃ labhittha? - venerable sir, did you receive alms

    ]

  • apa-

    [

    • separation (apagata)
      • apeti - goes away; departs
      • apāyo - a place separated from growth (woeful state)
        • āya can also mean happiness (niraya)
    • blame (garaha)
      • apasaddo - a blameworthy sound
    • avoidance (vajjana)
      • apasālāya āyanti - they come avoiding the hall
    • honour (pūjā)
      • vuḍḍham apacāyanti - they honour the elders
    • wrongdoing (padussana)
      • aparajjhati - commits an offence; does a wrong
    • (:q: what about apahasita?)

    ]

  • upa-

    [

    • approaching or coming near (upagama)
      • upanisīdati - comes near and sits down
    • proximity (samīpa)
      • upanagaraṃ - near the city
    • rebirth or arising (upapatti)
      • saggaṃ lokaṃ upapajjati - is reborn in the heavenly world
    • similarity or comparison (sadisa)
      • upamānaṃ - object of comparison; simile
    • excess or superiority (adhika)
      • upakhāriyaṃ doṇo - a doṇa is larger than a khāri
    • higher status (uparibhāva)
      • upasampanno - one who has attained higher ordination
    • fasting or abstaining from food (anasana)
      • upavāso - fasting; abstinence
    • accusation (dosakkhāna)
      • paraṃ upavadati - accusses another
    • technical naming (saññā)
      • upasaggo - a prefix
    • prior action (pubbakamma)
      • upakkamo - preliminary effort
    • service or reverential attendance (pūjā)
      • buddhaṃ upaṭṭhāti - attends upon the buddha; serves respectfully
    • the manner of grasping (gayhākāra)
      • paccupaṭṭhānaṃ - the manner in which nāma and rūpa are grasped by the mind; how they manifest to the mind
    • intensity (bhusattha)
      • upādānaṃ - intense clinging; strong attachment
      • upanissayo - powerful support; strong dependence

    ]

• extra notes

  • assāsa passāsa
    • vinaya and abhidhāna: assāsa: exhalation
    • suttanta: assāsa: inhalation

Nipāta – indeclinable particles

• 3 definitions

  [

  • (niccaṁ patanti) niccaṃ ekarūpena vākyapathe patantīti nipātā: they are called nipāta because they always fall (occur) in a sentence in the same form, without change
  • (nipatanti) padānaṃ ādi-majjhā-vasānesu nipatantīti nipātā: they are called nipāta because they may fall (occur) at the beginning, middle, or end of words
    • middle mean between visesana and visesya: mahanto ca / vā puriso
  • asatva-vācakā cādi-saddā nipātā nāma: words such as ca, etc., which do not denote substances (things), are called nipāta
    • substance, entity: purisa, etc.
    • verbs also denote a substance as an agent or object
    • they denote meanings such as conjunction (bringing things together)
  • summary:
    • they fall
      • always in the same form
      • in the beginning, middle, or end of words
    • don’t denote substances

  ]

• 2 types

  [

  • vibhattiyutta nipāta: associated with and convey case-meanings and function as subject, object, etc.
    • āvuso: vocative particle; conveys the meaning of address, which belongs to the nominative case; treated as having nominative case
  • avibhattiyutta nipāta: particles that do not associate with or convey case-meanings – ca, vā, pana
    • only the nominative singular is applied to them, merely to include them in the category of words

  ]

  • vibhattiyutta nipāta acc. to case-meaning conveyed

    [

    • nominative: applied to vocative particles
      • āvuso
      • bho
      • bhante
      • atthi
      • natthi
      • sakkā
      • labbhā (it can be obtained)
      • siyā (may be)
      • siyuṃ (may be)
      • sādhu
      • tuṇhī, etc.
    • accusative: in the sense of accantasaṃyoga (continuous duration)
      • ciraṃ
      • cirassaṃ (for a long time)
      • niccaṃ
      • satataṃ (always)
      • abhiṇhaṃ
      • abhikkhaṇaṃ (often), etc.
    • instrumental:
      • yathā
      • tathā
      • sabbathā
      • sabbaso, etc.
    • dative:
      • kātuṃ
      • kātave (for doing; to do), etc.
        • tave = tuṁ
    • ablative:
      • samantā (from the surrounding)
      • dīghaso (from the long side)
      • oraso (from this side), etc.
    • locative:
      • pure
      • purā
      • pacchā
      • uddhaṃ
      • upari
      • adho
      • heṭṭhā
      • antarā
      • anto
      • raho
      • āvi
      • hiyyo
      • suve, etc.
    • namo:
      • if subject, nominative
        • Namo te Buddha vīratthu (O Buddha, the Hero, may homage be (paid) to you!)
      • if object, accusative
        • Namo karohi nāgassa (pay homage to the Arahant)
    • sayaṃ:
      • if subject in active voice, nominative
        • Kusūlo sayameva bhijjate (The granary itself breaks)
      • if agent in passive voice (avutta-kattā), instrumental
        • Sayaṃ kataṃ sukhadukkhaṃ (Pleasure and pain are produced by oneself)
    • iti and evaṃ: according to context, all seven cases may be applied
      • iti me sutaṁ: instrumental
      • evaṁ me sutanti imaṁ sutaṁ: iti modifies the object of the sentence, so accusative

    ]

lexical list of nipātas (abhidhānappadīpikā)

note: not for exam

• verse 1

  Abyayaṃ vuccate dāni, cirassaṃ tu ciraṃ tathā, cirena cirarattāya, saha saddhiṃ samaṃ amā.

  • cirassaṃ, ciraṃ, cirena, cirarattāya: [for a long time]
    • cirassaṁ kho bhante imaṁ pariyāyamakāsi yadidaṁ idha āgamanāya
    • socati cirarattāya
  • saha, saddhiṃ, samaṃ, amā: [together with]
    • taṃtaṃkiccesu raññā amā (saha) bhavantīti amaccā (amā + suffix ca)
    • amāvasī: new moon day

• verse 2

  Punappunaṃ abhiṇhañcā - sakiṃ cā’bhikkhaṇaṃ muhuṃ, vajjane tu vinā nānā, antarena rite puthu.

  • punappunaṃ, abhiṇhaṃ, asakiṃ, abhikkhaṇaṃ, muhuṃ: [frequently; again and again]
    • pabbajitena abhiṇhaṃ paccavekkhitabbaṃ
    • āyasmā udāyī tassā bhikkhuniyā santike abhikkhaṇaṃ gacchati
  • vinā, nānā, antarena, rite, puthu: [in the sense of avoidance; leaving aside]
    • sabbehi me piyehi manāpehi nānābhāvo vinābhāvoti
    • ariyehi puthujjano

• verse 3

  Balavaṃ suṭṭhu cā’tīvā, tisaye kimuta sv’ati aho tu kiṃ kimu’ dāhu, vikappe kimuto’da ca.

  • balavaṃ, suṭṭhu, atīva, kimuta, su, ati: [in an emphatic / intensive sense]
  • aho, kiṃ, kimu, udāhu, kimuta, uda: [in an alternative sense (‘or’); vikappa]
    • parinibbuto nu kho me upajjhāyo, udāhu no parinibbuto.
    • yañca karoti kāyena, vācāya uda cetasā
    • aho: ṭ says it should be āho

• verse 4

  Avhāne bho are ambho, hambho re je’ṅga āvuso, he hare tha kathaṃ kiṃsu, nanu kacci nu kiṃ samā.

  • bho, are, ambho, hambho, re, je, aṅga, āvuso, he, hare: [in the sense of calling / addressing someone]
    • are dāsiputta, kuto te imasmiṃ ṭhāne dhanaṃ?
  • kathaṃ, kiṃsu, nanu, kacci, nu, kiṃ: [in the sense of questioning]
    • kiṃsūti vittaṃ purisassa seṭṭhaṃ?
  • are re je: used to adress someone inferior, like a slave

• verse 5

  Adhune’tarahī’dāni, sampati aññadatthu tu, tagghe’ kaṃse sasakkañcā, ddhā kāmaṃ jātu ve have.

  • adhunā, etarahi, idāni, sampati: [now]
    • jānāsi kho mahārāja, sampati kā velāti. āma bhante, jānāmi. sampati paṭhamo yāmo atikkanto. majjhimo yāmo pavattati.
  • aññadatthu, taggha, sasakkaṃ, addhā, kāmaṃ, jātu, ve, have: [certainly; definitely; ekaṁsa]
    • taggha bhagava, bojjhaṅgā. taggha sugata, bojjhaṅgāti
    • sasakkaṁ na kātabbaṁ
    • addhā pītimano hoti
    • yadā have pātubhavanti dhammā
    • tanve pasahati māro

• verse 6

  Yāvatā tāvatā yāva, tāva kittāvatā tathā ettāvatā ca kīve’ti, paricchedatthavācakā.

  • yāvatā, tāvatā, yāva, tāva, kittāvatā, ettāvatā, kīva: [in the sense of delimitation, to show how much/many]
    • kīva dīghaṃ nu kho bhante, padume niraye āyuppamāṇaṃ?
    • ettāvatā ca amhehi
    • yāvatā bhagavā loke
    • yāvadeva ñāṇamattāya

• verse 7

  Yathā tathā yatheve’vaṃ, yathānāma yathāhi ca seyyathāpy’e’vamevaṃ, vā, tatheva ca yathāpi ca. Evaṃpi ca seyyathāpi, nāma yatharivā’pi ca, paṭibhāgatth’e yathāca, viya tatharivā’pi ca.

  • yathā, tathā, yatheva, evaṃ, yathā nāma, yathā hi, seyyathāpi, evamevaṃ, tatheva, yathāpi, evaṃpi, seyyathāpi nāma, yathariva, yathāva, viya, tathariva: [in the sense of comparison / simile]
    • yathāpi bhamaro pupphaṁ… evaṁ gāme muni care
    • yatheva tatheva: eva is not translated as ‘indeed’, but just “like this”
    • evamevaṁ: evaṁ evaṁ
    • iva: not shown separately but included

• verse 8

  Saṃ sāmañca sayaṃ cātha, āma sāhu lahū’pi ca opāyikaṃ patirūpaṃ, sādhv’evaṃ sampaṭicchane.

  • saṃ, sāmaṃ, sayaṃ: [by oneself]
    • na bhikkhave, antovutthaṃ antopakkaṃ sāmaṃpakkaṃ paribhuñjitabbaṃ
    • sambuddha: there is also the upasagga saṁ; as nipāta, only one meaning, but as upasagga, it may have more
  • āma, sāhu, lahu, opāyikaṃ, patirūpaṃ, sādhu, evaṃ: [in the sense of acceptance / agreeing]
    • upajjhāyo me bhante hohi! patirūpaṃ.

• verse 9

  Yaṃ taṃ yato tato yena, tene’ti kāraṇe siyuṃ, asākalye tu cana ci, nipphale tu mudhā bhave.

  • yaṃ, taṃ, yato, tato, yena, tena: in the sense of [showing a reason]
  • cana, ci: in the sense of [a part / some portion]
  • mudhā: in the sense of
    • [useless / fruitless]
    • [for free]
      • mudhā nibbutiṃ bhuñjamānā

• verse 10

  Kadāci jātu tulyā’tha, sabbato ca samantato; parito ca samantāpi, atha micchā musā bhave.

  • kadāci, jātu: [sometimes]
  • sabbato, samantato, parito, samantā: [on all sides; all around]
    • samantā cakkavāḷesu
  • micchā:
    • [falsely, untruthfully]
      • musāvādo
    • [in the wrong way]
      • micchādiṭṭhi
  • musā: [falsely, untruthfully]
    • micchāpaṇihitaṁ cittaṁ

• verse 11

  Nisedhe na a-no-mā’laṃ, nahi cetu sace yadi, anukulye tu saddhañca, nattaṃ doso divā tv’ahe.

  • na, a, no, mā, alaṃ, nahi: in the sense of [negation]
  • ce, sace, yadi: [if]
  • saddhaṃ: in the sense of [being agreeable]
  • nattaṃ: [night]
    • doso: night
  • divā: [daytime]
    • anujānāmi bhikkhave divā paṭisallīyantena dvāraṃ saṃvaritvā paṭisallīyituṃ.

• verse 12

  Īsaṃ kiñci manaṃ appe, sahasā tu atakkite; pure-ggato tu purato, peccā’mutra bhavantar’e.

  • īsaṃ, kiñci, manaṃ: in the sense of [a little, appe]
    • īsamphuṭṭha
  • sahasā: [suddenly; without prior thought, atakkite]
    • davā bhaṇati nāma sahasā bhaṇati
  • aggato, purato: in the sense of [before / earlier]
    • purato gacchantassa
  • pecca, amutra: [in the next existence; in another life]
    • idha nandati pecca nandati
    • ubhopi te pecca samā bhavanti
    • huraṁ: in another world (not another life)

• verse 13

  Aho hī vimhaye tuṇhī, tu mone thā’vi pātu ca; taṅkhaṇe sajju sapadi, balakkāre pasayha ca.

  • aho, hī: in the sense of [wonder / amazement]
  • tuṇhī: in the sense of [silence, mone]
    • tuṇhī bhavitabbaṁ
  • āvi, pātu: in the sense of [becoming manifest / appearing clearly]
    • pātubhavanti dhammā
    • pāturahosi
    • āvikātā hissa phāsu hoti
  • sajju, sapadi: [at that very moment; immediately, taṅkhaṇe]
    • sajju kīraṁva muccati
  • pasayha: in the sense of [doing forcefully, balakkāre]
    • pasayhāvahāro
      • from √sah: having overwhelmed, oppressed

• verse 14

  Sudaṃ kho assu yagghe ve, hā’dayo padapūraṇe; antarena’ntarā anto, vassaṃ nūna ca nicchaye.

  • sudaṃ, kho, assu, yagghe, ve, hi: in the sense of [filling out / completing a line (mere padding words)]
    • tayassu dhammā jahitā bhavanti
      • com.: -su is the filler (tayo + su)
      • grammar: tayo + assu
    • yagghe bhante saṅgho jānāto: here, encouragement, not a filler
    • there are other fillers: pana
  • antarena, antarā, anto: [inside; within]
  • avassaṃ, nūna: in the sense of [certainty / definite decision]
    • avassaṃ mayā maritabbaṃ

• verse 15

  Ānande sañca diṭṭhā tha, virodhakathane nanu kāmapavedane kacci, usūyopagame’tthu ca.

  • saṃ, diṭṭhā: in the sense of [great joy / delight]
  • nanu: in the sense of [stating something contrary / objection]
    • nanu mayā moghapurisa, anekapariyāyena virāgāya dhammo desito, no sarāgāya
  • kacci: in the sense of [asking about something one wishes to hear]
    • kacci te kassapa, khamanīyaṃ
  • atthu: [an assent that carries jealousy / blame; reluctant acceptance]

• verse 16

  Evā’vadhāraṇe ñeyyaṃ, yathāttaṃ tu yathātathaṃ, nīcaṃ appe, mahatyucchaṃ, atha pāto page samā.

  • eva: in the sense of [emphasis / limitation (“indeed, only”)]
  • yathāttaṃ, yathātathaṃ: [as it really is; in the actual way]
  • nīcaṃ: in the sense of [“small / inferior”]
  • uccaṃ: in the sense of [“great / high”]
  • pāto, page: [in the morning; early]

• verse 17

  Nicce sadā sanaṃ pāyo, bāhulye bāhiraṃ bahi, bahiddhā bāhirā bāhye, sīghe tu saṇikaṃ bhave.

  • sadā, sanaṃ: in the sense of [“always”]
    • manujassa sadā satīmato, mattaṃ jānato laddhabhojane
  • pāyo: in the sense of [“often / frequently”]
  • bāhiraṃ, bahi, bahiddhā, bāhirā: [outside]
  • saṇikaṃ: [slowly]

• verse 18

  Tanukassa bhavanti vedanā, saṇikaṃ jīrati āyupālayaṃ, Atthaṃ adassane duṭṭhu, nindāyaṃ, vandane namo, sammā suṭṭhu pasaṃsāyaṃ, atho sattāya matthi ca.

  • atthaṃ: in the sense of “not being seen / disappearing”
    • iti rūpaṃ, iti rūpassa samudayo, iti rūpassa atthaṅgamo.
  • duṭṭhu: in the sense of blame
    • duṭṭhu kataṃ dukkaṭaṃ. duṭṭhu caritaṃ duccaritaṃ
  • namo: in the sense of paying homage
  • sammā, suṭṭhu: in the sense of praise
  • atthi: in the sense of existence / being present

• verse 19

  Sāyaṃ sāye’jja atrā’he, suve tu sve anāgate, tato pare parasuve, hiyyo tu divase gate.

  • sāyaṃ - in the evening
  • ajja - today
  • suve, sve - tomorrow (the day not yet come)
  • parasuve - the day after tomorrow
  • hiyyo - yesterday (the past day)

• verse 20

  Yattha yatra yahiṃ cātha, tattha tatra tahiṃ tahaṃ, atho uddhañca upari, heṭṭhā tu ca adho samā.

  • yattha, yatra, yahiṃ - where; in whatever place
  • tattha, tatra, tahiṃ, tahaṃ - there; in that place
  • uddhaṃ, upari - above; up
  • heṭṭhā, adho - below; down

• verse 21

  Codane iṅgha handā’tha, ārā dūrā ca ārakā, parammukhā tu ca raho, sammukhā tvā’vi pātu ca.

  • iṅgha, handa - in the sense of urging / encouraging
    • iṅgha, me tvaṃ ānanda, pānīyaṃ āhara. Pipāsitosmi. Pivissāmīti.
  • ārā, dūrā, ārakā – far
    • ārakā so sabbakilesehi….iti ārakattā arahaṃ.
  • raho - in a place that is not face-to-face (privately, secretly)
    • na raho karoti pāpāni, arahaṃ tena vuccati.
  • āvi, pātu - face-to-face (in someone’s presence)

• verse 22

  Saṃsayatthamhi appeva, appevanāma nū’ti ca, nidassane iti’tthaṃ ca, evaṃ, kicche kathaṅci ca.

  • appeva, appeva nāma, nu - in the sense of doubt
  • iti, itthaṃ, evaṃ - in the sense of showing / illustrating
    • itthaṃ sakko devānamindo bhagavantaṃ pañhaṃ apucchi.
  • kathañci - in the sense of difficulty / hardship
    • cattāro vinipātā, dve pana gatiyo kathañci labbhanti.

• verse 23

  Hā khede sacchi paccakkhe, dhuvaṃ thire’vadhāraṇe, tiro tu tiriyaṃ cātha, kucchāyaṃ duṭṭhu ku’ccate.

  • hā - in the sense of distress
    • hā yogā vippayogantā, hā’niccaṃ sabbasaṅkhataṃ
  • sacchi - in the sense of direct experience / being evident
    • sacchikaroti
  • dhuvaṃ - in the sense of “firm,” and in the sense of emphasis
    • dhuvaṃ buddho bhavāmahaṃ
  • tiro, tiriyaṃ - across
  • duṭṭhu, ku - in the sense of disgust
    • kucchitaṃ kataṃ kukataṃ. Kukatassa bhāvo kukkuccaṃ.

• verse 24

  Suvatthi āsiṭṭhatthmhi, nindāyaṃ tu dhī kathyate, kuhiñcanaṃ kuhiṃ kutra, kuttha kattha kahaṃ kva tha.

  • suvatthi - in the sense of blessing
    • etena saccena suvatthi hotu
  • dhī - in the sense of blame
    • dhī cittaṃ dhī cittaṃ
  • kuhiñcanaṃ, kuhiṃ, kutra, kuttha, kattha, kahaṃ, kva - where?

• verse 25

  Ihe’dhā’tra tu etthā’ttha, atha sabbatra sabbadhi, kadā kudācanaṃ cātha, tadāni ca tadā samā.

  • iha, idha, atra, ettha, attha - here
  • sabbatra, sabbadhi - everywhere; in all places
  • kadā, kudācanaṃ - when?
  • tadāni, tadā - at that time; then

• verse 26

  Evaṃ nidassanā’kāro, pamāsu sampahaṃsane, upadese ca vacana, paṭiggāhe’vadhāraṇe, garahāye’damatth’e ca, parimāne ca pucchane.

  • evaṃ - in the sense of: illustrating; indicating a manner; expressing a simile; pleasing; giving advice; accepting a statement; emphasis; blaming; the meaning of “idaṃ” (“this”); measuring; questioning
    • simile: evaṃ jātena maccena, kattabbaṃ kusalaṃ bahuṃ
    • accepting: evaṃ bhanteti kho te bhikkhū bhagavato paccassosuṃ
    • illustrating, indicating a manner, emphasis: evaṃ me sutaṃ

• verse 27

  Samuccaye samāhāre - nvācaye ce’tarītare, padapūraṇamatte ca, casaddo avadhāraṇe.

  • ca - in the sense of: samuccaya; samāhara; anvācaya; itarītarayoga; also as a mere filler word; and in the sense of emphasis
  • samuccaya: annañca pānañca deti.
  • anvācaya: dānañca dehi, sīlañca rakkhāhi

• verse 28

  Iti hetu+pakāresu, ādimhi cā’vadhāraṇe; nidassane padatthassa, vipallāse samāpane.

  • iti - in the sense of: cause; manner; beginning; emphasis; illustrating; explaining the meaning of a word/statement; concluding / ending
  • hetu: ruppatīti rūpaṃ
  • ākāra, nidassana, avadhāraṇa - vuttaṃ hetaṃ bhagavatā, vuttamarahatāti me sutaṃ

• verse 29

  Samuccaye co’pamāyaṃ, saṃsaye padapūraṇe, vavatthitavibhāsāyaṃ, vā’vassagge vikappane.

  • vā - in the sense of: conjunction; simile; doubt; filler word; the sense of “definite alternatives”; deciding; alternative sense (or; vikappana)
    • conjunction - yāvatā bhikkhave sattā apadā vā dvipadā vā catuppadā vā bahuppadā vā tathāgato tesaṃ aggamakkhāyati (like ‘ca’)
    • alternative sense: maraṇavaṇṇaṃ vā saṃvaṇṇeyya, maraṇāya vā samādapeyya

• verse 30

  Bhūsane vāraṇe cālaṃ, vuccate pariyattiyāṃ, atho’thā’nantarā’rambha, pañhesu padapūraṇe.

  • alaṃ - in the sense of: adorning; preventing; being capable + being sufficient
    • adorning (bhūsane): alaṅkaroti
    • preventing (vāraṇe): sādhāhaṃ bhante, paṭhaviṃ parivatteyyaṃ. Alaṃ moggallāna.
    • being capable:
      • alaṃ kātuṃ, alaṃ saṃvidhātuṃ
      • alañca pana te paṭisevato antarāyāya
    • sufficient: alametaṃ sabbaṃ
  • atho, atha - in the sense of: “immediately after”; beginning; a question; filler word

• verse 31

  Pasaṃsā+garahā+saññā - sīkārādo pi nāma’tha, nicchaye cā’numānasmim, siyā nūna vitakkane.

  • nāma - in the sense of: praise; blame; naming; acceptance
  • blame: tattha nāma tvaṃ moghapurisa, mayā virāgāya dhamme desite sarāgāya cetessasi!
  • nūna - in the sense of: certainty; inference; reasoning

• verse 32

  Pucchā’vadhāraṇā’nuññā - sāntvanā’lapane nanu, vate’kaṃsa-dayā-hāsa - khedā’lapana-vimhaye.

  • nanu - in the sense of: questioning; emphasis; giving permission; gentle speech
    • previous occurrance of nanu showed its main meaning
  • vata - in the sense of: certainty; compassion; delight; weariness; addressing; wonder
    • delight: aññāsi vata bho koṇḍañño
  • no text gathers examples for all of them

• verse 33

  Vākyārambha-visādesu, handa hāse’nukampane, yāva tu tāva sākalyā - mānā’vadhy’avadhāraṇe.

  • handa - in the sense of: starting a new statement; weariness; delight; compassion
    • vākyārambha: handadāni bhikkhave āmantayāmi vo
  • yāva, tāva - in the sense of: totality (“as much as…”); measuring; exact determination; emphasis / limitation
    • madhuvā maññati bālo, yāva pāpaṃ na paccati

• verse 34

  Pācī-pura’ggato’tthesu, puratthā paṭhame pyatha, pabandhe ca cirātīte, nikaṭāgāmike purā.

  • puratthā - in the sense of: the eastern direction; “before”; “in front”; “first”
  • purā - in the sense of: a historical narrative; the distant past; the near future
    • pure adhammo dīpati: before the adhamma shines
  • pācī, pācīna: eastern direction
    • apācīna, paticīna: western direction

• verse 35

  Nisedha-vākyālaṅkārā - vadhāraṇa-ppasiddhisu, khalvā’sanne tu abhitō-bhimukho’bhayatodike.

  • khalu - in the sense of
    • [negation]
      • na pacchābhattiko khalupacchābhattiko
    • [rhetorical ornamentation]
    • [emphasis]
    • [something well-known]
  • abhito - in the sense of
    • [nearness]
    • [facing / in front]
    • [the senses expressed by words like ubhayato (on both sides), etc.]

• verse 36

  Kāmaṃ yadyapisaddatthe, ekaṃsatthe ca dissati, atho pana visesasmiṃ, tatheva padapūraṇe.

  • kāmaṃ - in the sense of:
    • [yadipi (“even if / even though”)]
    • [certainty]
  • pana - in the sense of:
    • [distinction]
    • [filler word]

• verse 37

  Hi kāraṇe visesā’va - dhāraṇe padapūraṇe, tu hetuvajje tatthā’tha, ku pāpe’sattha+kucchane.

  • hi - in the sense of
    • [reason]
    • [distinction]
    • [emphasis]
      • na hi verena verāni, sammantīdha kudācanaṃ
    • [filler word]
  • tu - in the sense of
    • [distinction]
    • [emphasis]
    • [filler word]
  • ku - in the sense of
    • [badness]
    • [smallness]
      • kunnadī (small river)
    • [disgust]

• verse 38

  Nu saṃsaye ca pañhe’tha, nānā’ nekatha+vajjane, kiṃ tu pucchā+jigucchāsu, kaṃ tu vārimhi muddhani.

  • nu - in the sense of:
    • [doubt]
      • kittāvatā nu kho bho gotama brāhmaṇo hoti
    • [questioning]
      • kallaṃ nu taṃ samanupassituṃ “eso me attāti”?
  • nānā - in the sense of:
    • [various meanings]
      • nānākulā pabbajitā
    • [avoidance]
  • kiṃ - in the sense of:
    • [questioning]
    • [disgust]
  • kaṃ - in the sense of:
    • [water]
    • [head]

• verse 39

  Amā sahasamīpe tha, bhede appaṭhame puna, kirā’nussavā’rucisu, udā’pyatthe vikappane.

  • amā - in the sense of:
    • [together with]
    • [nearness]
  • puna - in the sense of:
    • [distinction]
    • [not the first (but a later one)]
  • kira - in the sense of:
    • [hearsay (heard from others)]
    • [dislike]
  • uda - in the sense of:
    • [the meaning of api]
    • [alternative consideration]

• verse 40

  Patīcī carime pacchā, sāmi tvaddhe jigucchane, pakāse sambhave pātu, aññoññe tu raho mitho.

  • pacchā - in the sense of:
    • [the western direction]
    • [after / later]
  • sāmi - in the sense of:
    • [half]
    • [disgust]
  • pātu - in the sense of:
    • [making manifest]
    • [becoming]
    • [making clear (manifest)]
      • sappuriso, yo hoti parassa vaṇṇo, taṃ apuṭṭhopi pātu karoti
  • mitho - in the sense of:
    • [mutuality]
    • [secrecy]
      • maybe: mitho > mithuna (> methuna)

• verse 41

  Hā khedasokadukkhesu, khede tvahaha vimhaye, bhīṃsāpane dhī nindāyaṃ, pidhāne tiriyaṃ tiro.

  • hā - in the sense of:
    • [weariness]
    • [sorrow]
      • hā hā maṭṭakuṇḍali, hā hā maṭṭakuṇḍali
    • [pain]
      • hā hā maṭṭakuṇḍali, hā hā maṭṭakuṇḍali
  • ahaha - in the sense of:
    • [weariness]
    • [wonder]
  • dhī - in the sense of:
    • [frightening]
    • [blaming]
  • tiro - in the sense of:
    • [covering; pidhāne]
    • [across + beyond; tiriyaṁ]
      • tirokuṭṭesu tiṭṭhanti

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