Kārakakaṇḍa

Meanings of tatiyā vibhatti

kattvattha (agent meaning): agent of the passive voice
karaṇattha (instrumental meaning)
kāraṇa- / hetu- attha (cause meaning): hetu is the reason for the occurrance of something
kriyāpavaggattha (meaning of fast completion of an action)
sahādiyogattha (combination with the particle saha, saddhiṁ, samaṁ, nānā, vinā)
(lakkhaṇa)
- itthambhūtalakkhaṇattha (indicating a state or condition)
- aṅgavikāralakkhaṇattha (indicating a bodily deformity)
aññavibhattiyattha
- kammattha
  - tilehi khette vapati (he sows sesame in the field)
    - tilehi: kamma of vapati
  - jigucchāmi kāyaduccaritena (i reproach bodily misconduct)
- apādānattha
  - sumuttā mayaṃ tena mahāsamaṇena (we have attained complete freedom from that great ascetic)
  - pathavyā ekarajjena, saggassa gamanena vā, sabbalokādhipaccena, sotāpattiphalam varaṃ (the fruit of stream-entry is superior from (to) sole sovereignty over the earth, to going to heaven, to lordship over the whole world)
  - cakkhu suññaṃ attena vā attaniyena vā (the eye is empty from (of) self or of what belongs to self)
- ādhārattha
  - tena samayena buddho bhagavā verañjāyaṃ viharati (at that time, the buddha, who is the blessed one, was dwelling at verañjā)
  - puratthimena dhataraṭṭho, dakkhiṇena virūḷhako (dhataraṭṭha in the east, virūḷhaka in the south)
  - kālena dhammasavanaṃ (listening to the dhamma at the proper time)
  - itiha tena khaṇena tena muhuttena yāva brahmalokā saddo abbhuggacchi (at that very instant, at that very moment, the sound arose up to the brahmā world)

kattvattha – definition

karotīti kattā: one who (primarily) does (performs an action) is called the agent (kattu)

rukkho purisena chijjate (the tree is cut by the man)
- purisena: agent who cuts the tree 1
note: kattu is the main kāraka

attappadhāno kiriyaṃ, yo nibbatteti kārako appayutto payutto vā, sa kattāti pavuccati (rpsd) that kāraka which itself becomes principal and produces an action, whether independently or when caused by another, is called the agent

vuttakattu – definition

vuttakattu (expressed agent): agent expressed by the verb, in which case, the tatiyāvibhatti is not used
3 kinds of (vutta) kattus
- vuttakattus
  - suddha- / sayaṃ- kattu (pure agent): agent who performs the action directly by himself
    - puriso kammaṃ karoti (the man does the work)
    - note: me: may include dhātukattu
      - (:q: does it include the dhātukattu?)
  - hetu- / kārita- / payojja- kattu (causative agent): agent who causes another person to perform an action
    - puriso dāsaṃ kammaṃ kāreti (the man makes the servant do the work)
      - puriso: hetukattu / kāritakattu
      - dāsaṁ: dhātukattu
  - kammakattu (object-agent): agent which is actually an object treated as agent
    - kusūlo sayameva bhijjati (the granary breaks by itself)
      - kusūlo: object treated as agent
        
        the granary is actually broken by someone
        
        it is spoken of as if it breaks by itself since it can be broken very easily
    - ghaṭo sayameva bhijjati (the pot breaks by itself)
  - note: all are expressed in paṭhamāvibhatti for being vuttakattus here
- avuttakattu
- note: dhātukattu: agent of the verbal root
hetukattāti kathito, kattuno yo payojako kammakattāti sukaro, kammabhūto kathīyati one who causes the agent to act is called the causative agent; that which is an object but is easily acted upon is spoken of as the object-agent
paṭhamā vs tatiyā – which is the agent?
- vuttakattu: agent is expressed by the verb, so the noun appears in paṭhamāvibhatti
  - used in active sentences
- avuttakattu: agent is not expressed by the verb but by the noun in tatiyāvibhatti in kattvattha
  - called hetu-, kārita- or payojaka- kattu
  - used in causative sentences
tatiyāvibhatti is the case that truly expresses the agent meaning

karaṇattha – definition

karīyate anenāti karaṇaṃ: that by means of which an action is performed is called instrument, which is expressed by the tatiyāvibhatti

cakkhunā rūpaṃ passati (he sees a form with the eye)

passati: action done with the eye as instrument
cakkhunā: instrument
note:
- this is the karaṇa kāraka (the kriyāsādhaka karaṇa in particular)
- not to be confused with kāraṇa (cause)
5 types of karaṇa
- ajjhattika karaṇa (internal instrument): bodily organs of the agent
  - cakkhunā rūpaṃ passati (he sees a form with the eye)
  - hatthena kammaṃ karoti (he does the work with the hand)
  - manasā dhammaṃ vijānāti (he knows the dhamma with the mind)
- bāhira karaṇa (external instrument): external tools or implements
  - pharasunā rukkhaṃ chindati (he cuts the tree with an axe)
  - dāttena vīhayo lunāti (he harvests rice with a sickle)
  - yānena gacchati (he goes by vehicle)
- kriyāsādhaka karaṇa (action-accomplishing instrument): instrument that directly accomplishes the action – this is the karaṇa kāraka
  - cakkhunā rūpaṃ passati (he sees a form with the eye)
- visesana karaṇa (qualifying instrument): adjectives and adverbs expressed in the instrumental case
  - adjectives (bhinnādhikaraṇa visesana)
    - gottena gotamo nātho (the lord is gotama by lineage)
    - ādicco nāma gottena (ādicca by clan)
    - sākiyo nāma jātiyā (sākiyan by race)
    - jātiyā sattavassiko (seven years old by birth)
    - ekūnatiṃso vayasā (twenty-nine by age)
    - tapasā uttamo (excellent by austerity)
    - pakatīyā abhirūpo (handsome by nature)
  - adverbs
    - dhammena rajjaṃ kāreti (he rules righteously)
    - thero attanāva attānaṃ sammānati (the elder appoints himself by himself)
- nānatta karaṇa (miscellaneous instruments): instrument that is not directly connected to a verb but with various indeclinables or nouns such as kiṃ, alaṃ, pubba, sadisa, sama, ūna, attha (need), kalaha, nipuṇa, missaka, sakhila, etc
  - kiṃ me ekena tiṇṇena, purisena thāmadassinā (what is the use for me of (me) crossing (the saṃsāra) alone as a man who sees one’s strength?)
    - “me” here is catutthīvibhatti
  - kiṃ te jaṭāhi dummedha, kiṃ te ajinasāṭiyā (fool! what is the use of matted locks to you? what is the use for deerskin garment to you?)
  - alaṃ te idha vāsena (there is no use for you in living here)
  - alaṃ me buddhena (i have no need of the buddha)
  - kinnu me buddhena (what use is the buddha to me)
  - māsena pubbo (earlier by a month)
  - pitarā sadiso (similar to his father)
  - mātarā samo (equal to his mother)
  - kahāpaṇena ūno (less by one kahāpaṇa)
  - dhanena vikalo (deficient in wealth)
  - pāniyena attho (there is a need for drinking water)
  - asinā kalaho (a fight with a sword, a sword-fight)
  - vācāya nipuṇo (skilful in speech)
  - guḷena missako (mixed with jaggery)
  - vācāya sakhilo (gentle in speech)

kāraṇa- / hetu- attha – definition

kāraṇa / hetu: reason for an action; includes negative meaning (not a reason for the action)

annena vasati (he lives because of food; with the expectation of obtaining food)
na jaccā vasalo hoti (one is not an outcaste because of birth)
kammunā vasalo hoti (one becomes an outcaste because of actions)
dānena bhogavā (one is wealthy because of generosity)
kena hetunā? (for what reason?)
karaṇa vs kāraṇa
- karaṇa (instrument): directly present and connected with the action
  - cakkhunā rūpaṃ passati
    - cakkhu must be present at every moment of seeing
- kāraṇa / hetu: may exist before or after the action takes place
  - annena vasati
    - living in expectation of food occurs first, while the obtaining of food happens later

kiriyāpavaggattha – definition

kriyāpavaggoti kriyāya āsuṃ-pariniṭṭhāpanaṃ: expresses the fast completion of an action

kiriya: action
apavagga: fast completion
- ekāheneva bārāṇasiṁ agamāsi
- jnk: even if it’s slow, it can be used
  - navahi masehi niṭṭhāpesi

sahādiyogattha – definition and 3 types

connected with saha, saddhiṃ, samaṃ, nānā, vinā

3 types

sahayoga (association with saha)
- pitā puttena saha āgacchati (the father comes together with the son)
- 3 types
  - dabba-samavāya (joint connection with a substance)
    - pitā puttena saha dhanavā (the father is wealthy together with the son)
  - guṇa-samavāya (joint possession of a quality)
    - pitā puttena saha thūlo (the father is fat together with the son)
  - kriyā-samavāya (joint performance of an action)
    - pitā puttena saha āgacchati (the father comes together with the son)
sahādi-yoga (association with other related particles): with saddhiṃ / samaṃ / nānā / vinā
- nisīdi bhagavā saddhiṃ bhikkhusaṅghena (the blessed one sat together with the saṅgha of monks)
- sahassena samaṃ mitā (they were compared with a thousand)
- sabbehi piyehi manāpehi nānābhāvo vinābhāvo (separation from all that is dear and pleasing)
  - in ekavacana, such as “piyena vinā”, it becomes clear that this is not pañcamī
sahattha (in the implicit meaning of association): the meaning “together with” is implicit or expressed through another word kusumena
- implicit
  - bhagavā rājagahaṃ piṇḍāya pāvisi aññatarena bhikkhunā (the Blessed One entered Rājagaha for alms with a certain monk)
- expressed by another word
  - dukkho bālehi saṃvāso (living together with fools is painful)
  - mā piyehi samāgañchi, appiyehi kudācanaṃ (do not associate with the dear; never associate with the unpleasant)
    - note: -saṃ in saṃvāso and samāgañchi conveys the saha-meaning

sahādi – before or after the term
- tatiyāvibhatti: normally, after the term (puttena saha)
  - st, before: saddhiṁ bhikkhusaṅghena
- pañcamīvibhatti: normally, before the term (saha parinibbānā)
- (:q: add other cases)

itthambhūtalakkhaṇattha – definition

summary: tatiyāvibhatti words that indicate (lakkhaṇa) the state (itthaṁ) reached (bhūta) by someone or something

itthaṁ kiñci pakāraṁ. ayaṃ pakāro itthaṃ (itthaṃ means whatever manner / state)
- itthaṁ (nipāta): by a specific state, manner, condition
- pakāra (pa + √kar + *a)
  - masc. method; manner; way
  - masc. arrangement; construction; way something is put together
bhūto patto (one who has become, reached (the state, manner, condition))
- bhūta: become, reached
itthaṃ bhūto itthambhūto (one who has reached a particular state is called itthambhūta)
itthambhūtassa lakkhaṇaṃ itthambhūta-lakkhaṇaṃ: the expression that marks or indicates that particular state reached by someone is called itthambhūta-lakkhaṇa, expressed by the tatiyāvibhatti
- lakkhaṇa: words that characterize the state
ūnapañcabandhanena pattena aññaṃ navaṃ pattaṃ cetāpeyya (if one requests another new bowl with a bowl with fewer than five bindings)
sā bhinnena sīsena paggharantena lohitena paṭivīsake ujjhāpesi (she caused the neighbours to reproach them, being with a broken head and flowing blood)
- itthaṁ: the state of having a cracked skull and losing blood
- itthambhūta: the servant who has come to this state
- itthambhūtalakkhaṇa: the words “bhinnena sīsena paggharantenena lohitena”, which indicate that state
assupuṇṇehi nettehi pitaraṃ so udikkhati (he looks at his father with tear-filled eyes)
tidaṇḍakena paribbājakamaddakkhi (he saw an ascetic with (carrying) three sticks bound together)
na ukkhittakāya antaraghare gamissāmi (i will not enter the village with the robe lifted up)
pāsādikena abhikkantena paṭikkantena piṇḍāya pavisati (he enters for alms with pleasing movements of going and returning)

aṅgavikāralakkhaṇattha – definition

words that describe someone by making reference to a defective body part, expressed in the tatiyāvibhatti

aṅgavikāra: a deformed body part, organ
lakkhaṇa: words that indicate such aṅgavikāra
- akkhiṇā kāṇo
- hatthena khañjo
- sotena badhiro