Meanings of paṭhamā vibhatti

• liṅgattha
• ālapanattha
• note: other meanings appear later

liṅgattha

• the mere meaning (attha) of the stem (liṅga)
  • liṅgas express liṅgatthas, which can be paññatti or paramattha
    • rūpa: liṅga referring to paramattha
    • purisa: liṅga referring to hīnattha
• liṅgattha is always present in any form of a noun but when only liṅgattha is to be expressed, without other meanings, or when the other meaning is vutta by the verb, the paṭhamāvibhatti is used
  • liṅga: rukkha (the word)
  • liṅgattha: rukkha (the real object)
  • rukkha + si / yo > rukkho / rukkhā: only liṅgattha is expressed
• note: the agent nature of rukkho is expressed by the verb, not rukkho itself

rukkhoti vacanaṃ liṅgaṃ, liṅgattho tena dīpito evaṃ liṅgañca liṅgatthaṃ, ñatvā yojeyya paṇḍito the word rukkho is a liṅga, the liṅga-meaning is expressed by it, thus, knowing both the liṅga and its meaning, the wise person should employ them properly

• 3 definitions of liṅga

  • līnamatthaṁ gameti bodhetīti liṅgaṁ (līna + √gam): makes known (bodheti) a hidden meaning (līnamattha) that if not enounced, would not be known by the listener
    • līna here is considered a prefix added to the root gam
    • this definition could be applied to verbs, but only nouns are included
  • līnaṁ aṅgaṁ liṅgaṁ (līna aṅga): hidden component of all the forms of a word
    • līna (hidden) because
      • it is not used in the language
      • it is not visibly present, is unmanifest (guṇavantu is hidden in forms like guṇavā, etc)
    • aṅga (component) because it functions as a component of inflected forms
  • dhātu-paccaya-vibhatti-vajjitam-atthavaṁ liṅgaṁ: that which has meaning but is not a root, suffix, or case
    • dhātuvajjitaṁ: not a root
    • paccayavajjitaṁ: not a suffix
    • vibhattivajjitaṁ: not a case
    • atthavantu: that which has a meaning
    • notes:
      • this definition can include upasaggas and nipātas as liṅga, but not verbs
      • not verbs because they are verbal roots before the addition of verbal endings and become inflected forms (vibhatyanta pada)
  • notes:
    • ye gatyatthā te buddhyatthā pavatti pāpuṇanatthakā whatever roots mean going also mean knowing
      • adhigama: realization
      • gameti: bodheti

• 2 types of liṅgattha and exception

  • suddha liṅgattha (pure stem-meaning): stem-meaning not mixed with other meanings
    • puriso: nominal meaning not mixed with other meanings like object, agent, instrument, etc
    • with suddha liṅgattha, paṭhamāvibhatti is used
    • includes the unmixed meanings of prefixes and particles
  • kammādi-saṃsaṭṭha liṅgattha: stem-meaning mixed with other meanings such as kamma, karaṇa, etc
    • so purisaṃ passati: purisaṁ (liṅgattha + kammattha)
    • purisena odano bhujjate: purisena (liṅgattha + kattvattha)
    • purisassa vatthaṃ dadāti: purisassa (liṅgattha + sampadānattha)
    • purisassa putto: purisassa (liṅgattha + sāmīattha)
    • exception: vutta / utta vibhattiattha (expressed case meanings): stem-meaning mixed with case meanings already expressed by the verb – paṭhamāvibhatti is used
      • purisena odano bhujjate
        • odano: liṅgattha (+ kammattha) but is not in dutiyāvibhatti because the kammattha is actually already expressed by the verbal ending -te
      • puriso odanaṃ bhuñjati
        • puriso: kattvattha already expressed by the verbal ending -ti so the tatiyāvibhatti is not used
          • (:q: is this the bhāvakāraka?)

  paṭhamā’vupasaggatthe, kesañcatthe nipātasaddānaṃ liṅgādike ca suddhe – bhihite kammādi-atthepi (rūpasiddhi) the nominative is used in the meanings of prefixes, in meanings of some particles, in pure nominal meaning accompanied by gender and so on, and even in object and similar meanings when they are already expressed (abhihite)

• why the paṭhamāvibhatti is used

  • paṭhamāvibhatti only coveys the liṅgattha
  • it is used since liṅgas cannot be used without case endings
  • it makes the word usable since in Pāḷi only inflected form of words are used
    • vibhattiyantaṁ padaṁ

ālapanattha / āmantanattha

ālapanatthādhike liṅgatthamatte: there is one extra meaning, ālapana, merely in the meaning of the stem

• ālapanattha (vocative meaning): shows the intention of addressing, calling, drawing the attention of someone or something toward oneself by using a noun or particle

  • bho purisa:
    • purisa: liṅgattha + ālapanattha using a noun
      • paṭhamāvibhatti used in ālapanattha
        • or in liṅgattha that contains ālapanattha
    • bho!: ālapana using a particle

• ālapanattha as a different nominal case ending

  sometimes considered as a different vibhatti due to its different declension

• ālapanattha as akāraka in imperative

  ālapanattha is not the kattu of imperative

  • bho putta, gāmaṃ gacchāhi
    • putta: liṅgattha + ālapanattha
      • akāraka since, at the moment of the address, it has no relation to the act of going
    • kattu of gacchāhi: not explicitly stated; understood as tvaṃ referring to putta

• 6 types of ālapana

  • sajīva ālapana (animate): bho purisa
  • nijjīva ālapana (inanimate): jātaveda, paṭikkama
  • paccakkha ālapana (visible): bho purisa
  • apaccakkha ālapana (invisible, deceased, not present): kahaṃ, ekaputtaka!
  • niyama ālapana (determinate): bho purisa
  • aniyama ālapana / dhammālapana (indeterminate, calling the nature): acchariyaṃ vata bho! (my goodness! how wonderful!)
    • an exclamation, not actually calling
    • MV: brahma said “nassati vata bho loko vinassati vata bho loko” when the Buddha was unwilling to teach the Dhamma

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